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Abstract(s)
Este trabalho encontra-se dividido em dois capítulos. O primeiro capítulo corresponde ao estágio curricular realizado em Farmácia Comunitária e o segundo à revisão bibliográfica feita no âmbito de “Novos fármacos antiparasitários em Medicina Veterinária”.
No capítulo I são descritos todos os conhecimentos adquiridos e as atividades realizadas ao longo do estágio curricular realizado em farmácia comunitária. Este estágio decorreu, no período de 3 de Fevereiro a 23 de Junho de 2014, na Farmácia Parente, em Lamego e proporcionou um contato com a prática farmacêutica, permitindo aplicar e consolidar os conhecimentos adquiridos ao longo do curso e conhecer a organização e funcionamento da farmácia comunitária.
No capítulo II são descritos os problemas atuais no combate aos parasitas intestinais, centrando-se nos agentes anti-helmínticos, dada a sua relevância. Adicionalmente, são abordados novos medicamentos antiparasitários e outras abordagens no controle das parasitoses veterinárias em geral e de helmintes em particular. Os helmintas são responsáveis por algumas das doenças mais prevalentes e devastadoras que acometem tanto os humanos, como os animais de companhia e de exploração, causando diversos problemas na saúde e bem-estar dos animais, bem como perdas produtivas. O controle desses parasitas torna-se, portanto, de extrema importância, assentando principalmente numa base farmacológica, nomeadamente em Medicamentos Antiparasitários (MAP). A utilização profilática de MAP em animais tem sido uma prática muito comum ao longo dos últimos anos, principalmente na pecuária, mas este uso excessivo e descontrolado de MAP originou uma resistência generalizada a todas as principais classes de MAP utilizadas hoje em dia, destacando-se a resistência aos anti-helmínticos. Para ultrapassar esta resistência é necessário um investimento renovado na descoberta de novos compostos com atividade, na utilização mais racional das classes existentes, bem como no desenvolvimento de novas abordagens.
Ao longo deste capítulo é feita referência às principais classes de MAP utilizadas atualmente, aos novos MAP que entraram recentemente no mercado, nomeadamente o emodepside (Profender®, em combinação com o praziquantel), o monepantel (Zolvix®) e o derquantel (Startect®, em combinação com a abamectina, uma lactona macrocíclica), e também a outras estratégias que estão em desenvolvimento para controlar os parasitas, tais como as combinações de fármacos, o melhoramento genético e nutrição dos animais, o maneio das pastagens, a utilização de anti-helmínticos biológicos e botânicos e as vacinas antiparasitárias. Assim, desta revisão bibliográfica, conclui-se que a descoberta de novos antiparasitários em geral, e de anti-helmínticos em particular, apesar de ser uma abordagem muito dispendiosa e que exige muito tempo e experiência, ainda continua a ser a que fornece melhores resultados no controle de parasitas. Atualmente, novas classes de anti-helmínticos estão disponíveis, mas, do mesmo modo que a resistência se desenvolveu para as classes mais antigas, inevitavelmente, também pode desenvolver-se para estas novas classes, especialmente na pecuária. Torna-se, portanto, fundamental investir na compreensão do modo como se desenvolve a resistência aos MAP, para prolongar a sua eficácia o maior tempo possível, bem como no desenvolvimento de marcadores para monitorizar o desenvolvimento de resistência. Deve-se apostar também na educação e consciencialização dos usuários finais destes produtos, os proprietários de animais, para o uso mais racional de MAP e adoção de outras medidas profiláticas e de controlo de parasitas.
This work is divided into two chapters. The first chapter corresponds to the traineeship held in a Community Pharmacy and the second to the literature review made under the subject "New antiparasitic drugs in Veterinary Medicine". Chapter I describes all the knowledge acquired and activities performed during the traineeship held in a Community Pharmacy. This traineeship was held between February 3 to June 23, 2014, at “Farmácia Parente”, in Lamego and provided a contact with the pharmaceutical practice, allowing to apply and consolidate knowledge gained throughout the Pharmaceutical Sciences studies and know the organization and functioning of a community pharmacy. Chapter II describes the current problems in combating intestinal parasites with focus on helminths due to their relevance. In addition, the development of new antiparasitic drugs in general and anti-helminths in particular as well as other approaches to its control are also considered. Helminths are responsible for some of the most prevalent and devastating diseases that affect both humans and animals, causing many problems in the health and welfare of animals as well as production losses. The control of these parasites therefore becomes extremely important, and is mainly relying on a pharmacological basis, particularly with Antiparasitic Drugs (APD). The prophylactic use of APD in animals has been a very common practice over the last few years, mainly on livestock, but its excessive and uncontrolled use caused a general resistance to all major classes of APD used today, especially the resistance to anthelmintics drugs. To overcome this resistance is required a renewed investment in the discovery of new compounds with activity, in the most efficient use of existing classes, as well as the development of new approaches. Throughout this chapter reference is made to the major classes of APD currently used, to the new APD that recently entered the market, including emodepside (Profender®, in combination with praziquantel), monepantel (Zolvix®) and derquantel (Startect®, in combination with the macrocyclic lactone, abamectin), and also to other strategies that are being developed to control parasits, such as, drug combinations, genetic improvement and nutrition of animals, pasture management, the use of biological and botanical anthelmintics and antiparasitic vaccines. Thus, with this literature review, it can be concluded that the discovery of new anthelmintics, despite being a very expensive approach and requiring a lot of time and experience, still remains the approach that gives the best results in controlling parasites. Today, new classes of anthelmintics are available, but similarly to that happened to the older classes, inevitably, resistance can develop against these new classes, especially in livestock. It is therefore essential to invest in the comprehension of how resistance to APD develops, to prolong its effectiveness as long as possible, as well as the development of markers to monitor its development. A focus should also be done on education and awareness of the end users of these products, animal owners, to a more rational use of APD and adoption of other prophylactic and parasits control measures.
This work is divided into two chapters. The first chapter corresponds to the traineeship held in a Community Pharmacy and the second to the literature review made under the subject "New antiparasitic drugs in Veterinary Medicine". Chapter I describes all the knowledge acquired and activities performed during the traineeship held in a Community Pharmacy. This traineeship was held between February 3 to June 23, 2014, at “Farmácia Parente”, in Lamego and provided a contact with the pharmaceutical practice, allowing to apply and consolidate knowledge gained throughout the Pharmaceutical Sciences studies and know the organization and functioning of a community pharmacy. Chapter II describes the current problems in combating intestinal parasites with focus on helminths due to their relevance. In addition, the development of new antiparasitic drugs in general and anti-helminths in particular as well as other approaches to its control are also considered. Helminths are responsible for some of the most prevalent and devastating diseases that affect both humans and animals, causing many problems in the health and welfare of animals as well as production losses. The control of these parasites therefore becomes extremely important, and is mainly relying on a pharmacological basis, particularly with Antiparasitic Drugs (APD). The prophylactic use of APD in animals has been a very common practice over the last few years, mainly on livestock, but its excessive and uncontrolled use caused a general resistance to all major classes of APD used today, especially the resistance to anthelmintics drugs. To overcome this resistance is required a renewed investment in the discovery of new compounds with activity, in the most efficient use of existing classes, as well as the development of new approaches. Throughout this chapter reference is made to the major classes of APD currently used, to the new APD that recently entered the market, including emodepside (Profender®, in combination with praziquantel), monepantel (Zolvix®) and derquantel (Startect®, in combination with the macrocyclic lactone, abamectin), and also to other strategies that are being developed to control parasits, such as, drug combinations, genetic improvement and nutrition of animals, pasture management, the use of biological and botanical anthelmintics and antiparasitic vaccines. Thus, with this literature review, it can be concluded that the discovery of new anthelmintics, despite being a very expensive approach and requiring a lot of time and experience, still remains the approach that gives the best results in controlling parasites. Today, new classes of anthelmintics are available, but similarly to that happened to the older classes, inevitably, resistance can develop against these new classes, especially in livestock. It is therefore essential to invest in the comprehension of how resistance to APD develops, to prolong its effectiveness as long as possible, as well as the development of markers to monitor its development. A focus should also be done on education and awareness of the end users of these products, animal owners, to a more rational use of APD and adoption of other prophylactic and parasits control measures.
Description
Keywords
Animais Controle Descoberta de Fármacos Farmácia Comunitária Fármacos Antiparasitários Helmintas Resistência