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Authors
Abstract(s)
Esta dissertação, constituída por três capítulos, reúne três experiências integrantes da
unidade curricular de “Estágio” do curso de Mestrado Integrado em Ciências
Farmacêuticas.
O primeiro capítulo, correspondente à vertente de investigação, descreve o
desenvolvimento de um ensaio para a avaliação ex vivo da toxicidade local de
preparações nasais. O interesse pela via intranasal para entrega de fármacos tanto ao
cérebro como a nível sistémico cresceu nos últimos anos. Tipicamente, a segurança préclínica de novos medicamentos é testada in vivo. Numa tentativa de reduzir a quantidade
de animais utilizados, é importante otimizar modelos alternativos. Os modelos ex vivo
providenciam similaridade bioquímica e biofísica com as condições in vivo quando
comparados com modelos celulares in vitro, sendo uma alternativa rápida e económica.
Neste trabalho, procurou otimizar-se um modelo ex vivo com mucosa nasal de rato e de
porco, usando resazurina para quantificar a viabilidade celular da mucosa. O modelo in
vitro MucilAirTM foi usado como comparação, sendo testado quanto à resistência elétrica
transepitelial, à viabilidade celular (com o ensaio de redução de resazurina) e à libertação
de lactato desidrogenase para o meio. Foi também avaliada a possibilidade de
normalização de resultados tendo em conta a atividade metabólica inicial e o peso das
porções de mucosa. O modelo de mucosa de porco foi preferível ao de rato. Foi possível
otimizar procedimentos como o transporte e manutenção da mucosa, como extraí-la e
cortá-la, como realizar o ensaio de redução da resazurina sem sofrer influência da
hemoglobina presente nos tecidos. São ainda necessárias otimizações futuras,
principalmente quanto ao volume de solução de teste a utilizar.
O segundo capítulo diz respeito ao estágio curricular em Farmácia Comunitária,
realizado na Farmácia Covilhã, o qual teve início a 1 de março de 2021 e término a 21 de
maio de 2021, sob orientação da Dra. Sara Domingos. Neste capítulo são abordadas
várias experiências, atividades e conhecimentos adquiridos durante a minha integração
na equipa da Farmácia Covilhã. Esta oportunidade permitiu presenciar e participar no
quotidiano de um farmacêutico comunitário, vivenciando o seu impacto na comunidade
e dentro da própria farmácia.
O terceiro capítulo remete para o estágio curricular em Farmácia Hospitalar, com início
a 24 de maio de 2021 e fim a 9 de julho de 2021. Este estágio foi realizado nos Serviços
Farmacêuticos do Hospital Sousa Martins, pertencente à Unidade Local de Saúde da Guarda, sob orientação do Diretor do Serviço, o professor Dr. Jorge Aperta. O foco deste
capítulo são as várias áreas de uma Farmácia Hospitalar, dando especial ênfase às
atividades inerentes ao quotidiano de um farmacêutico hospitalar. Este foi um período
de aprendizagem, onde foi possível vivenciar uma área de ação do farmacêutico com a
qual tinha tido pouco contacto e que se revelou extremamente interessante e fulcral ao
funcionamento de um hospital.
This dissertation, resulting in three chapters, brings together three experiences part of the “Internship” curricular unit of the Integrated Master’s Degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences. The first chapter, corresponding to the research project, describes the development of an ex vivo assay for the evaluation of local toxicity regarding nasal preparations. In recent years, the intranasal route has attracted considerable interest for systemic and brain delivery of drugs. Pre-clinical safety of new medicines is usually tested in vivo. To reduce the use of animals, it is important to optimize suitable alternative models. Ex vivo models can provide an increased biochemical and biophysical similarity with the in vivo conditions when compared to in vitro cell culture models, being a rapid and more affordable option. In this study, we optimized an ex vivo model with rat and porcine nasal mucosa, using resazurin to measure the mucosa’s viability. The in vitro model MucilAirTM was also used as a comparison, being tested with respect to transepithelial electrical resistance, cell viability (resazurin reduction assay) and lactate dehydrogenase release to the medium. The possibility of normalization of results with respect to initial metabolic activity or the weight of the portions of the mucosa used was also evaluated. The porcine model was preferred over the rat. Adequate procedures were achieved regarding the transport and storage of the mucosa, the way to extract and cut them, how to perform the resazurin reduction assay, without influence of the haemoglobin present in the tissues. Further optimization will still be required regarding the optimal volume to use of the test solutions. The second chapter involves the curricular internship in Community Pharmacy, at Farmácia Covilhã, starting on 1 st of March 2021 and ending on 21th of May 2021, under the guidance of Dr. Sara Domingos. This chapter covers various experiences, activities and knowledge transmitted during my integration in the team of Farmácia Covilhã. This opportunity made it possible to witness and participate in the daily life of a community pharmacist, experiencing their impact on the community and within the pharmacy itself. The third chapter refers to the curricular internship in Hospital Pharmacy, starting on 24th of May 2021 and ending on 9th of July of 2021. This internship was carried out at the Pharmaceutical Services of Hospital Sousa Martins, included in the Local Health Unit of Guarda, under the guidance of the Director of the Service, Professor Dr. Jorge Aperta. This chapter focus on the various areas of a Hospital Pharmacy, with special emphasis on the activities inherent in the daily life of a hospital pharmacist. This was a learning period, where it was possible to experience a pharmacist’s area of action with which I had little contact and which proved to be extremely interesting and central to the functioning of a hospital.
This dissertation, resulting in three chapters, brings together three experiences part of the “Internship” curricular unit of the Integrated Master’s Degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences. The first chapter, corresponding to the research project, describes the development of an ex vivo assay for the evaluation of local toxicity regarding nasal preparations. In recent years, the intranasal route has attracted considerable interest for systemic and brain delivery of drugs. Pre-clinical safety of new medicines is usually tested in vivo. To reduce the use of animals, it is important to optimize suitable alternative models. Ex vivo models can provide an increased biochemical and biophysical similarity with the in vivo conditions when compared to in vitro cell culture models, being a rapid and more affordable option. In this study, we optimized an ex vivo model with rat and porcine nasal mucosa, using resazurin to measure the mucosa’s viability. The in vitro model MucilAirTM was also used as a comparison, being tested with respect to transepithelial electrical resistance, cell viability (resazurin reduction assay) and lactate dehydrogenase release to the medium. The possibility of normalization of results with respect to initial metabolic activity or the weight of the portions of the mucosa used was also evaluated. The porcine model was preferred over the rat. Adequate procedures were achieved regarding the transport and storage of the mucosa, the way to extract and cut them, how to perform the resazurin reduction assay, without influence of the haemoglobin present in the tissues. Further optimization will still be required regarding the optimal volume to use of the test solutions. The second chapter involves the curricular internship in Community Pharmacy, at Farmácia Covilhã, starting on 1 st of March 2021 and ending on 21th of May 2021, under the guidance of Dr. Sara Domingos. This chapter covers various experiences, activities and knowledge transmitted during my integration in the team of Farmácia Covilhã. This opportunity made it possible to witness and participate in the daily life of a community pharmacist, experiencing their impact on the community and within the pharmacy itself. The third chapter refers to the curricular internship in Hospital Pharmacy, starting on 24th of May 2021 and ending on 9th of July of 2021. This internship was carried out at the Pharmaceutical Services of Hospital Sousa Martins, included in the Local Health Unit of Guarda, under the guidance of the Director of the Service, Professor Dr. Jorge Aperta. This chapter focus on the various areas of a Hospital Pharmacy, with special emphasis on the activities inherent in the daily life of a hospital pharmacist. This was a learning period, where it was possible to experience a pharmacist’s area of action with which I had little contact and which proved to be extremely interesting and central to the functioning of a hospital.
Description
Keywords
Ex Vivo Farmácia Comunitária Farmácia Hospitalar Intranasal Porco Rato Toxicidade