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Impacto das Bebidas Energéticas na Saúde: Uma Revisão Narrativa
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Abstract(s)
A ascensão global das bebidas energéticas como suplementos dietéticos e estimulantes do desempenho tem despertado significativo interesse académico e preocupações de saúde pública nos últimos anos. Estes produtos, frequentemente comercializados para melhorar a energia, a concentração e o desempenho físico, contêm habitualmente uma combinação de cafeína, taurina, vitaminas do complexo B e açúcares, podendo ainda conter outros ingredientes como ginseng, guaraná, carnitina, colina, vitaminas A, C e D, eletrólitos, tirosina, L-teanina e adoçantes artificiais. Embora as bebidas energéticas possam oferecer benefícios temporários em termos de aumento de energia e alerta, a crescente evidência de potenciais efeitos adversos para a saúde suscita questões importantes sobre a sua segurança e regulamentação. Este trabalho visa fornecer uma revisão narrativa compreensiva do impacto das bebidas energéticas na saúde humana, debruçando-se particularmente sobre os seus efeitos cardiovasculares, metabólicos e comportamentais. Esta dissertação revê a literatura existente, analisando estudos epidemiológicos, ensaios clínicos e revisões sistemáticas disponíveis em bases de dados académicas até março de 2024. O método de pesquisa incluiu as palavras-chave "bebidas energéticas", "saúde", "risco cardiovascular", “metabolismo”, "comportamento" e “regulamentação” nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus e Google Scholar, com limitações de língua para inglês e português e publicações dos últimos dez anos. Os principais achados desta revisão indicam que o consumo excessivo e frequente de bebidas energéticas está associado a um aumento do risco de problemas cardiovasculares, incluindo hipertensão e arritmias, a alterações metabólicas adversas, como resistência à insulina e alterações no metabolismo lipídico e ainda a impactos negativos na saúde mental, destacando-se ansiedade, distúrbios do sono e dependência. Estes efeitos são especialmente preocupantes entre populações vulneráveis, como adolescentes e jovens adultos, que representam os principais consumidores destes produtos. A importância dos resultados obtidos nesta revisão reside na sua contribuição para a compreensão dos riscos associados ao consumo de bebidas energéticas, apoiando a necessidade de uma regulamentação mais rigorosa e de iniciativas de saúde pública destinadas a educar os consumidores sobre os seus potenciais perigos. Além disso, os achados destacam áreas críticas para pesquisas futuras, incluindo a necessidade de estudos longitudinais para explorar os efeitos a longo prazo do consumo de bebidas energéticas e a investigação de intervenções eficazes para reduzir o seu consumo entre os jovens. Em suma, enquanto as bebidas energéticas podem oferecer benefícios específicos em termos de desempenho e alerta, é imperativo que consumidores, profissionais de saúde e reguladores estejam cientes dos riscos associados e adotem medidas apropriadas para mitigar os impactos negativos na saúde pública. A investigação futura deverá focar-se não apenas na elucidação dos mecanismos subjacentes aos efeitos adversos das bebidas energéticas, mas também no desenvolvimento de estratégias para promover escolhas mais saudáveis entre os consumidores.
The global rise of energy drinks as dietary supplements and performance stimulants has sparked significant academic interest and public health concerns in recent years. These products, often marketed to enhance energy, focus and physical performance, commonly contain a combination of caffeine, taurine, B-vitamins and sugars, and may also include other ingredients such as ginseng, guarana, carnitine, choline, vitamins A, C, and D, electrolytes, tyrosine, L-theanine and artificial sweeteners. Although energy drinks can offer temporary benefits in terms of increased energy and alertness, the growing evidence of potential adverse health effects raises important questions about their safety and regulation. This work aims to provide a comprehensive narrative review of the impact of energy drinks on human health, focusing particularly on their cardiovascular, metabolic and behavioral effects. This dissertation reviews the existing literature, analyzing epidemiological studies, clinical trials and systematic reviews available in academic databases up to March 2024. The research method included keywords "energy drinks", "health", "cardiovascular risk", "metabolism", "behavior" and "regulation" in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, with language limitations to English and Portuguese and publications from the last ten years. The main findings of this review indicate that excessive and frequent consumption of energy drinks is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular problems, including hypertension and arrhythmias, adverse metabolic changes, such as insulin resistance and alterations in lipid metabolism, as well as negative impacts on mental health, including anxiety, sleep disorders and dependence. These effects are particularly concerning among vulnerable populations, such as adolescents and young adults, who are the primary consumers of these products. The significance of the findings obtained in this review lies in their contribution to understanding the risks associated with the consumption of energy drinks, supporting the need for stricter regulation and public health initiatives aimed at educating consumers about their potential dangers. Furthermore, the findings highlight critical areas for future research, including the need for longitudinal studies to explore the long-term effects of energy drink consumption and the investigation of effective interventions to reduce their consumption among young people. In summary, while energy drinks may offer specific benefits in terms of performance and alertness, it is imperative that consumers, healthcare professionals and regulators be aware of the associated risks and adopt appropriate measures to mitigate the negative impacts on public health. Future research should focus not only on elucidating the mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of energy drinks, but also on developing strategies to promote healthier choices among consumers.
The global rise of energy drinks as dietary supplements and performance stimulants has sparked significant academic interest and public health concerns in recent years. These products, often marketed to enhance energy, focus and physical performance, commonly contain a combination of caffeine, taurine, B-vitamins and sugars, and may also include other ingredients such as ginseng, guarana, carnitine, choline, vitamins A, C, and D, electrolytes, tyrosine, L-theanine and artificial sweeteners. Although energy drinks can offer temporary benefits in terms of increased energy and alertness, the growing evidence of potential adverse health effects raises important questions about their safety and regulation. This work aims to provide a comprehensive narrative review of the impact of energy drinks on human health, focusing particularly on their cardiovascular, metabolic and behavioral effects. This dissertation reviews the existing literature, analyzing epidemiological studies, clinical trials and systematic reviews available in academic databases up to March 2024. The research method included keywords "energy drinks", "health", "cardiovascular risk", "metabolism", "behavior" and "regulation" in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, with language limitations to English and Portuguese and publications from the last ten years. The main findings of this review indicate that excessive and frequent consumption of energy drinks is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular problems, including hypertension and arrhythmias, adverse metabolic changes, such as insulin resistance and alterations in lipid metabolism, as well as negative impacts on mental health, including anxiety, sleep disorders and dependence. These effects are particularly concerning among vulnerable populations, such as adolescents and young adults, who are the primary consumers of these products. The significance of the findings obtained in this review lies in their contribution to understanding the risks associated with the consumption of energy drinks, supporting the need for stricter regulation and public health initiatives aimed at educating consumers about their potential dangers. Furthermore, the findings highlight critical areas for future research, including the need for longitudinal studies to explore the long-term effects of energy drink consumption and the investigation of effective interventions to reduce their consumption among young people. In summary, while energy drinks may offer specific benefits in terms of performance and alertness, it is imperative that consumers, healthcare professionals and regulators be aware of the associated risks and adopt appropriate measures to mitigate the negative impacts on public health. Future research should focus not only on elucidating the mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of energy drinks, but also on developing strategies to promote healthier choices among consumers.
Description
Keywords
Bebidas Energéticas Comportamento Metabolismo Regulamentação Risco Cardiovascular Saúde