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Os Efeitos do Treino da Condição Física em Contexto Militar
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Abstract(s)
O campo de batalha moderno impõe tarefas quotidianas fisicamente exigentes, pelo que o condicionamento físico dos militares é um elemento crucial e o treino físico um dos elementos fundamentais da preparação de cadetes. Esta tese teve como objetivos caracterizar a composição corporal e os níveis de desempenho físico dos cadetes militares de Angola, bem como avaliar os efeitos de um programa de treino físico de 34 semanas na sua aptidão física. Foram analisadas variáveis de força muscular dos membros superiores e inferiores, aptidão cardiorrespiratória e a composição corporal de 90 cadetes da academia militar (48 homens e 42 mulheres), com idades entre 18 e 24 anos. Os valores do índice de massa corporal situaram-se dentro da faixa normal tanto para homens quanto para mulheres, assim como os níveis de gordura corporal. No entanto, o desempenho físico foi inferior nas mulheres, com valores mais baixos em indicadores como flexões, abdominais e o lançamento da bola medicinal. O salto com contramovimento, a corrida de 80 metros e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória também apresentaram resultados significativamente mais baixos entre as mulheres. Num seguinte estudo, foram analisados os efeitos de um programa de treino militar em 74 cadetes (40 homens e 37 mulheres), com idades entre os 18 e 26 anos. Os participantes foram sujeitos a um programa de treino de treino de força e de resistência por 34 semanas (realizado duas vezes por semana, 90 min/sessão). Antes e após o período de treino foi avaliada a força muscular dos membros superiores e inferiores, a aptidão cardiorrespiratória e a composição corporal. Os resultados obtidos mostram uma melhoria significativa em todas as variáveis avaliadas após o programa de treino. Os maiores efeitos foram notados na massa corporal, no salto com contramovimento, no lançamento de bola medicinal e nas flexões. Curiosamente, os homens apresentaram uma maior redução de massa corporal e maior melhoria no lançamento de bola medicinal, enquanto as mulheres mostraram uma maior redução de massa gorda. Estes resultados sublinham a necessidade de programas de treino físico específicos para melhorar a composição corporal e o condicionamento físico dos cadetes militares do ISTM, especialmente nas mulheres, que apresentaram valores mais baixos de massa livre de gordura, aptidão cardiorrespiratória e desempenho neuromuscular. A inclusão de protocolos de treino adaptados ao sexo poderá maximizar a eficácia do treino e otimizar o desempenho nas tarefas físicas de alta relevância militar. Embora o estudo tenha limitações, os resultados oferecem uma contribuição significativa para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de treino mais eficazes na preparação de cadetes militares em Angola.
The modern battlefield enforces physically demanding daily tasks, making the physical conditioning of military personnel a critical element, and physical training one of the fundamental components in the preparation of cadets. This thesis aimed to characterize the body composition and physical performance levels of military cadets from Angola, as well as to assess the effects of a 34-week physical training program on their fitness. Muscle strength variables of the upper and lower body, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition were analysed in 90 military academy cadets (48 men and 42 women), aged between 18 and 24. The main results showed that body mass index values were within the normal range for both men and women, as well as body fat levels. However, physical performance was lower in women, with lower values in indicators such as pushups, sit-ups, and the medicine ball throw. The countermovement jump, the 80-meter sprint, and cardiorespiratory fitness also presented significantly lower results among women. In a subsequent study, the effects of a military training program were analysed in 74 cadets (40 men and 37 women), aged between 18 and 26. Participants underwent a strength and endurance training program for 34 weeks (conducted twice a week, 90 minutes per session). Before and after the training period, upper and lower body muscle strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition were assessed. The analysed variables demonstrated positive effects. Notably, the greatest effects were observed in body mass, the countermovement jump, the medicine ball throw, and push-ups. Interestingly, men showed a greater reduction in body mass and greater improvement in the medicine ball throw, while women showed a greater reduction in body fat. These results highlight the need for specific physical training programs to improve body composition and physical conditioning for ISTM military cadets, especially among women, who exhibited lower values of fat-free mass, cardiorespiratory fitness, and neuromuscular performance. The inclusion of gender-adapted training protocols could maximize training effectiveness and optimize performance in physically demanding tasks of high military relevance. Although the study has limitations, the results provide a significant contribution to the development of more effective training strategies in the preparation of military cadets in Angola.
The modern battlefield enforces physically demanding daily tasks, making the physical conditioning of military personnel a critical element, and physical training one of the fundamental components in the preparation of cadets. This thesis aimed to characterize the body composition and physical performance levels of military cadets from Angola, as well as to assess the effects of a 34-week physical training program on their fitness. Muscle strength variables of the upper and lower body, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition were analysed in 90 military academy cadets (48 men and 42 women), aged between 18 and 24. The main results showed that body mass index values were within the normal range for both men and women, as well as body fat levels. However, physical performance was lower in women, with lower values in indicators such as pushups, sit-ups, and the medicine ball throw. The countermovement jump, the 80-meter sprint, and cardiorespiratory fitness also presented significantly lower results among women. In a subsequent study, the effects of a military training program were analysed in 74 cadets (40 men and 37 women), aged between 18 and 26. Participants underwent a strength and endurance training program for 34 weeks (conducted twice a week, 90 minutes per session). Before and after the training period, upper and lower body muscle strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition were assessed. The analysed variables demonstrated positive effects. Notably, the greatest effects were observed in body mass, the countermovement jump, the medicine ball throw, and push-ups. Interestingly, men showed a greater reduction in body mass and greater improvement in the medicine ball throw, while women showed a greater reduction in body fat. These results highlight the need for specific physical training programs to improve body composition and physical conditioning for ISTM military cadets, especially among women, who exhibited lower values of fat-free mass, cardiorespiratory fitness, and neuromuscular performance. The inclusion of gender-adapted training protocols could maximize training effectiveness and optimize performance in physically demanding tasks of high military relevance. Although the study has limitations, the results provide a significant contribution to the development of more effective training strategies in the preparation of military cadets in Angola.
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Keywords
Cadetes Composição corporal Aptidão cardiorrespiratória Força Treino Físico Body composition Cardiorespiratory fitness Strength Physical training