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Abstract(s)
A elaboração deste trabalho assinala, ao longo de três capítulos, o consubstanciar
das diversas áreas do conhecimento farmacêutico, adquiridas durante o mestrado
integrado, tanto numa vertente teórica como prática. O primeiro capítulo diz respeito à
componente de investigação na área da farmacognosia, enquanto os restantes capítulos
relatam a experiência vivenciada durante os estágios curriculares de Farmácia
Hospitalar e Farmácia Comunitária.
Sabendo das potencialidades medicinais das plantas e da complexidade dos seus
compostos, facilmente se compreende que a busca e desenvolvimento de novos fármacos
se debruce, cada vez mais, sobre os materiais de origem vegetal. O Capítulo 1 surge, deste
modo, numa perspetiva de screening de produtos naturais, onde é investigado o
potencial bioativo/farmacológico de uma espécie silvestre do género Allium
(presuntivamente Allium massaessylum), até então, aparentemente não investigada,
visto não existir literatura disponível a este nível. Neste estudo preliminar foram
utilizados os principais órgãos da planta, nomeadamente as flores, folhas e bolbos,
tendo-se recorrido ao banho de ultrassons para a extração de compostos.
Posteriormente, foi caracterizado o perfil fitoquímico, quantificando o total de
compostos fenólicos, flavonoides e saponinas e também o perfil bioativo ao nível da
atividade antioxidante (métodos do DPPH e do sistema ß-caroteno/ácido linoleico). A
partir dos resultados concluiu-se que as folhas e flores foram os órgãos que
demonstraram maior potencial fitoquímico e bioativo, muito embora esse mesmo
potencial não tenha sido significativo. O extrato de flores foi o que apresentou maior teor
de compostos fenólicos ao passo que o extrato de folhas provou ser o mais rico em
flavonoides. Comparativamente a outras espécies silvestres o extrato de flores
demonstrou ser, consistentemente, mais rico em matéria de compostos fenólicos e
flavonoides, o que possibilita inferir que as flores desta espécie não sejam das mais
pobres do género Allium. O teor total em saponinas encontrado foi muito pobre,
destacando-se, ainda que residualmente, o extrato de bolbos. Relativamente à atividade
antioxidante, os resultados deixam antever uma fraca atividade, em particular no que
concerne ao combate contra peroxidação lipídica, dado os valores muito elevados de IC50,
obtidos do ensaio de branqueamento do ß-caroteno. O melhor extrato no ensaio do
DPPH foi o das flores, já no ensaio sistema ß-caroteno/ácido linoleico destacou-se, ainda
que tenuemente, o extrato de folhas.
Passando agora ao Capítulo 2, este é referente à minha experiência
profissionalizante nos Serviços Farmacêuticos da Unidade Local de Saúde da Guarda, decorrida entre fevereiro e março de 2023, sob orientação do Dr. Jorge Aperta. Nele se
convida o leitor a explorar todo o circuito do medicamento hospitalar mediante as áreas
funcionais retratadas, bem como os detalhes e importância do papel do farmacêutico
hospitalar enquanto profissional multidisciplinar, no contexto dos cuidados de saúde
primários e secundários. Trata-se, portanto, de um capítulo onde são descritas todas as
competências e conhecimentos que pude não só aplicar, como adquirir e robustecer,
gerando uma conceção mais coesa do conceito de “Farmácia Hospitalar”.
A encerrar este trabalho, surge ainda o Capítulo 3, que à semelhança do anterior
faz alusão a outro estágio curricular, desta feita em Farmácia Comunitária, no período
de abril a junho de 2023 e que teve como orientador o Dr. Diogo Moura, farmacêutico
substituto da Farmácia Moura, na cidade de Tondela. Nesta última parte, surgem
espelhadas as diversas funções e atividades exercidas pelo farmacêutico, que pude
acompanhar e participar ativamente, tendo por base o modus operandi da Farmácia
Moura. São igualmente expostas algumas dificuldades e desafios com que lidei, que
desempenharam um verdadeiro teste na utilização e consolidação de conhecimentos e
competências junto dos utentes. Num ramo que se assume cada vez mais como as portas
do sistema de saúde, fica presente deste estágio, a crescente necessidade de uma farmácia
cada vez mais preventiva e não somente reativa.
This work highlights, throughout three chapters, the substantiation of the different areas of pharmaceutical knowledge, acquired during the integrated master's degree, both from a theoretical and practical aspect. Considering the medicinal potential of plants and the complexity of their compounds, it is easy to understand that the search and development of new drugs is increasingly, focusing on materials of plant origin. Chapter 1 arises, therefore, from a perspective of screening natural products, where the bioactive/pharmacological potential of a wild species of the genus Allium (presumably Allium massaessylum) has been researched. This is a species, so far, apparently not investigated as there is no literature available on this subject. In this preliminary study, the main organs of the plant, namely flowers, leaves and bulbs, were studied, and an ultrasound-assisted extraction was performed. Posteriorly, the phytochemical profile was characterized, quantifying the total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and also the bioactive profile, carrying out antioxidant activity assays (DPPH and the ß-carotene/linoleic acid system). The results revealed that leaves and flowers were the organs that demonstrated the greatest phytochemical and bioactive potential, although this same potential was not significant. The flower extract showed the highest content of phenolic compounds, while the leaf extract proved to be the richest in flavonoids. Comparing with other wild species the flower extract has been, consistently, richer in phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which makes it possible to infer that the flowers of this species are not among the poorest within the Allium genus. The total saponin content found was very poor, with the bulb extract standing out, albeit residually. Regarding antioxidant activity, the results suggest a weak activity, particularly with respect to combating lipid peroxidation, according to the very high IC50 values obtained from the ß-carotene bleaching test. The best extract in the DPPH test was the flowers one, while in the ß-Carotene/Linoleic Acid System test, the leaf extract stood out, although slightly. Moving now to Chapter 2, this refers to my internship, supervised by Dr. Jorge Aperta, at the Pharmaceutical Services of the Guarda’s Local Health Unit, which took place between February and March 2023. In it, the reader is invited to explore the entire hospital drug circuit through the functional areas portrayed, as well as the details and importance of the pharmacist’s role as a multidisciplinary professional, in the context of primary and secondary health care. Therefore, this is a chapter where all the skills and knowledge that I was able to, not only apply, but acquire and strengthen are described, generating a more cohesive conception of the concept of “Hospital Pharmacy. To conclude this work, there is also Chapter 3, which, like the previous one, alludes to another curricular internship, this time in Community Pharmacy, from April to June 2023, under the guidance of Dr. Diogo Moura, substitute pharmacist at Farmácia Moura, in Tondela City. This last part reflects the various functions and activities carried out by the pharmacist, in which I was able to follow and actively participate, based on the modus operandi of Farmácia Moura. Some difficulties and challenges that I dealt with are also exposed, which performed a true test in the use and consolidation of my knowledge and skills in front of patients. In a branch that increasingly represents the doors of the health system, this curricular internship highlights the growing need for a pharmacy that becomes more preventive and not just reactive.
This work highlights, throughout three chapters, the substantiation of the different areas of pharmaceutical knowledge, acquired during the integrated master's degree, both from a theoretical and practical aspect. Considering the medicinal potential of plants and the complexity of their compounds, it is easy to understand that the search and development of new drugs is increasingly, focusing on materials of plant origin. Chapter 1 arises, therefore, from a perspective of screening natural products, where the bioactive/pharmacological potential of a wild species of the genus Allium (presumably Allium massaessylum) has been researched. This is a species, so far, apparently not investigated as there is no literature available on this subject. In this preliminary study, the main organs of the plant, namely flowers, leaves and bulbs, were studied, and an ultrasound-assisted extraction was performed. Posteriorly, the phytochemical profile was characterized, quantifying the total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and also the bioactive profile, carrying out antioxidant activity assays (DPPH and the ß-carotene/linoleic acid system). The results revealed that leaves and flowers were the organs that demonstrated the greatest phytochemical and bioactive potential, although this same potential was not significant. The flower extract showed the highest content of phenolic compounds, while the leaf extract proved to be the richest in flavonoids. Comparing with other wild species the flower extract has been, consistently, richer in phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which makes it possible to infer that the flowers of this species are not among the poorest within the Allium genus. The total saponin content found was very poor, with the bulb extract standing out, albeit residually. Regarding antioxidant activity, the results suggest a weak activity, particularly with respect to combating lipid peroxidation, according to the very high IC50 values obtained from the ß-carotene bleaching test. The best extract in the DPPH test was the flowers one, while in the ß-Carotene/Linoleic Acid System test, the leaf extract stood out, although slightly. Moving now to Chapter 2, this refers to my internship, supervised by Dr. Jorge Aperta, at the Pharmaceutical Services of the Guarda’s Local Health Unit, which took place between February and March 2023. In it, the reader is invited to explore the entire hospital drug circuit through the functional areas portrayed, as well as the details and importance of the pharmacist’s role as a multidisciplinary professional, in the context of primary and secondary health care. Therefore, this is a chapter where all the skills and knowledge that I was able to, not only apply, but acquire and strengthen are described, generating a more cohesive conception of the concept of “Hospital Pharmacy. To conclude this work, there is also Chapter 3, which, like the previous one, alludes to another curricular internship, this time in Community Pharmacy, from April to June 2023, under the guidance of Dr. Diogo Moura, substitute pharmacist at Farmácia Moura, in Tondela City. This last part reflects the various functions and activities carried out by the pharmacist, in which I was able to follow and actively participate, based on the modus operandi of Farmácia Moura. Some difficulties and challenges that I dealt with are also exposed, which performed a true test in the use and consolidation of my knowledge and skills in front of patients. In a branch that increasingly represents the doors of the health system, this curricular internship highlights the growing need for a pharmacy that becomes more preventive and not just reactive.
Description
Keywords
Flavonoides Allium Massaessylum Atividade Antioxidante Compostos Bioativos Compostos Fenólicos Farmácia
Comunitária Farmácia Hospitalar Género Allium Saponinas