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Authors
Abstract(s)
Introdução: As mobilizações por reconhecimento e direitos sociais que envolvem a
heterogênea coletividade LGBTQIA+ foram iniciadas nos chamados “distúrbios de
Stonewall” (ocorridos em Nova York em 1969) e contaram com a participação
emblemática de pessoas transexuais, transgénero e cross-dresser. Ou seja, o ativismo
LGBTQIA+, desde os seus primórdios, teve pessoas trans como protagonistas, que
reivindicaram (e continuam reivindicando) pelos direitos que circunscrevem a
diversidade sexual e de género não somente para si próprias, mas para toda a
coletividade LGBTQIA+, extremamente diversa em termos identitários e
geograficamente dispersa. Uma das razões de escolha desta temática é de caráter
idiossincrático, ou seja, como mulher imigrada na Europa, desde que comecei a
compreender as realidades LGBTQIA+, desenvolvi sentimentos de empatia pelas lutas
em defesa da diversidade sexual e de género. Além disso, acreditamos que ainda
existem poucos estudos que reflitam sobre as dinâmicas reivindicações das pessoas
trans dentro e fora da América Latina e Europa na contemporaneidade.
Comummente negligenciadas, as mulheres trans encontram-se, em sua maioria, em
variadas situações e graus de vulnerabilidade social (sobretudo após a pandemia de
covid-19 ocorrida nos anos de 2020-2022) e, por conta disso, emoções e sentimentos
como angústias, medos e traumas (entre outros), costumam fazer parte das suas vidas,
particularmente em ambientes marcados pela transfobia sistêmica, frutos da
heteronormatividade e do cispatriarcado. Sociologicamente, estas condições são
circunscritas pela interseccionalidade (ou convergência de preconceitos), pois a maioria
das interlocutoras que integram a amostra desta investigação, além dos estigmas
intrínsecos às vidas de pessoas trans imigrantes ou refugiadas de origem sul-americana
(ou do leste europeu) em uma metrópole do Sul da Europa, também sofrem
discriminações relacionadas ao classismo, racismo, machismo, misoginia, homofobia,
sexismo, capacitismo ou devido aos estigmas relacionados às participações de parte
destas pessoas no mercado do sexo. Tais desafios exigem a construção constante de
estratégias de resiliência para enfrentar esta complexa conjuntura sociocultural e tentar
sobreviver a ela.
Nesse sentido, este estudo agora apresentado versa sobre as trajetórias de vida dessas
mulheres trans imigrantes e refugiadas em Barcelona, uma cidade emblemática para a
coletividade LGBTQIA+ na Europa, por conta do seu pioneirismo (junto a outras
metrópoles como Londres e Paris) nas lutas contra a homofobia e a transfobia. Para
isso iremos considerar, entre outras questões, aspectos jurídicos relacionados às
dificuldades para legalização em um país da União Europeia (no caso a Espanha), para inserção no mercado de trabalho formal, para superar as consequências sócioeconômicas trazidas pela pandemia de covid-19, entre outras questões. Assim, esta
investigação irá concentrar-se em refletir sobre as estratégias de sobrevivência de
mulheres transexuais, transgéneros e cross-dresser de origem estrangeira na cidade de
Barcelona.
Objetivos: Um dos objetivos centrais desta investigação foi também avaliar a eficácia
de algumas políticas sociais elaboradas pelo Ajuntament (câmara municipal) de
Barcelona, pela Generalitat (governo regional) de Catalunha e voltadas para a
coletividade LGBTQIA+ (especialmente mulheres trans) e imigrante no sentido de
promover suas respectivas integrações sociais, de lutar contra a transfobia e de
diminuir os impactos da pandemia de covid-19 nas vidas destas imigrantes e
refugiadas, que já tinham as suas vidas majoritariamente marginalizadas em termos
de moradia, acesso aos serviços públicos de saúde, educação formal e acesso aos
cursos de qualificação e inserção profissional.
Metodologia: Foi feita uma investigação etnográfica, netnográfica, bibliográfica e
documental explorando a literatura pertinente à temática assim como algumas
teorias sociológicas sobre estudos de género, emoções e interseccionalidades. Foram
realizadas entrevistas exploratórias com interlocutores qualificados e a construção
de um caderno de campo como forma de fortalecer as pesquisas que foram iniciadas
em outubro de 2021 e finalizadas em abril de 2022.
Resultados: Com base nos dados coletados, as políticas públicas, na sua grande
maioria, voltadas para as mulheres trans imigradas e refugiadas em Barcelona, não
conseguem atingir os seus objetivos e são percebidas pelas interlocutoras como
ineficazes. Tais percepções ocorrem, entre outros fatores, devido ao fato de que
muitas mulheres trans somente conseguem conhecer os programas governamentais
e as ajudas sociais quando se integram ao ativismo LGBTQIA+ e partimos do
pressuposto que essa não deveria ser a via de regra. Todas e todos deveriam ter livre
escolha de converter-se ou não em ativistas, tal participação não deveria ocorrer
objetivada pelos interesses em receber apoios governamentais e ajudas públicas.
Além disso, é importante salientar que uma das razões desta ineficácia são que os
canais de interlocução do governo de Barcelona, majoritariamente, não conseguem
promover diálogos simétricos entre estas mulheres trans imigrantes e refugiadas
com as esferas públicas governamentais e, com isso, não conseguem
verdadeiramente empoderá-las. Outra razão é a inexistência de um controle em
relação ao cumprimento das legislações já existentes. Por exemplo, caso as
normativas jurídicas existentes fossem seguidas e aplicadas corretamente por parte de empresas privadas na contratação dessas mulheres, as taxas de desemprego entre
mulheres trans seriam menores. Verificou-se também que parte dos funcionários das
repartições públicas que deveriam acolher os cidadãos sem qualquer tipo de
discriminação por conta de orientações sexuais, identidades ou expressões de
género, muitas vezes possuem um comportamento LGTBQIA+fóbico, racista e/ou
xenófobo. É importante destacar que às oito trajetórias de vida que serão
apresentadas e refletidas em profundidade, todas elas vivenciaram alguma
modalidade de discriminação interseccional. Os binarismos e os preconceitos em
relação ao género afetam negativamente a sociedade como um todo (e não apenas a
população LGBTQIA+), pois além de restringir (ao invés de ampliar) os direitos de
cidadania, altera as dinâmicas familiares e laborais e desencadeia uma série de
sentimentos como medos, inseguranças, frustrações, raiva, tristezas, baixa-estima e
transtornos como ansiedade, depressão e diversas modalidades de TOC (transtorno
obsessivo-compulsivo) entre muitas outras sensações que afetam a saúde mental, as
emoções e as identidades dessas pessoas.
Conclusão: Partindo dessa premissa a sociedade está marcada pela definição dos
papéis e das expectativas sociais do que seria correto para um homem e mulher, a
verificação do esclarecimento científico atual, indica que as recomendações
abordadas beneficiariam as mulheres transexuais, transgender e cross-dresser se
houvessem mais políticas públicas pautadas em diversidade, equidade, igualdade; em
uma educação que neutra desde a infância e que seja capaz de auxiliar na construção
social dos indivíduos; na não rejeição do feminino e supervalorização do masculino,
deve ser realizado o desenvolvimento de projetos com pautas de respeito, dinâmico e
com mecanismos de expansão, com maiores possibilidades de integração e não
somente no aspecto laboral, mas sim de envolver voluntariados, ócio, ação social e
diferentes elementos que ajudem as mulheres trans a estarem integradas na
sociedade em que vivemos. Este trabalho foi realizado também como forma de
reivindicar a assistência a necessidades básicas de segurança para essas mulheres
trans imigrantes e refugiadas que estão fugindo de uma situação de violência física
e/ou violências simbólicas (interinstitucionais, interseccionais, como xenofobia e a
misoginia). Todas merecem ter oportunidades, merecem serem escutadas e tratadas
com dignidade.
Introduction: Mobilizations for recognition and social rights involving the heterogeneous LGBTQIA+ community began in the so-called “Stonewall riots” (which took place in New York in 1969) and had the emblematic participation of transsexuals, transgenders and cross-dressers. In other words, LGBTQIA+ activism, from its beginning, had trans people as protagonists, who claimed (and continue to claim) for the rights that circumscribe sexual and gender diversity not only for themselves, but for the entire LGBTQIA+ collective, which is extremely diverse in terms of identity and geographically dispersed. One of the reasons for choosing this theme is idiosyncratic, that is, as an immigrant woman in Europe, since I began to understand the LGBTQIA+ realities, I developed feelings of empathy for the struggles in defense of sexual and gender diversity. In addition, we believe that there are still few studies that reflect on the dynamic claims of trans people inside and outside Latin America and Europe in contemporary times. Commonly neglected, trans women are mostly in various situations and degrees of social vulnerability (especially after the covid-19 pandemic that occurred in the years 2020-2022) and, as a result, emotions and feelings such as anguishes, fears and traumas (among others) are usually part of their lives, particularly in environments marked by systemic transphobia, fruit of the heteronormativity and cispatriarchy. Sociologically, these conditions are circumscribed by intersectionality (or convergence of prejudices), since most of the interlocutors who are part of the sample of this investigation, in addition to the stigmas intrinsic to the lives of trans immigrants or refugees of South American or Eastern European origins in a southern European metropolis, they also suffer discrimination related to classism, racism, misogyny, homophobia, sexism, ableism or due to stigmas related to the participation of some of these people in the sex market. Such challenges require the constant construction of resilience strategies to face this complex sociocultural conjuncture and try to survive it. In this sense, this study now presented, deals with the life trajectories of these trans immigrant and refugee women in Barcelona, an emblematic city for the LGBTQIA+ community in Europe due to its pioneering spirit (along with other metropolises such as London and Paris) in the struggles against homophobia and transphobia. For this we will consider, among other issues, legal aspects related to the difficulties for legalization in a country of the European Union, in this case Spain and for insertion in the formal job market to overcome the socio-economic consequences brought by the covid-19 pandemic. Thus, this investigation will focus on reflecting on the survival strategies of transsexual, transgender and cross-dressing women of foreign origin in the city of Barcelona. Objectives: One of the central objectives of this investigation was also to evaluate the effectiveness of some social policies developed by the Ajuntament (municipal council) of Barcelona, by the Generalitat (regional government) of Catalunya aimed at the LGBTQIA+ community (especially trans women) and immigrants in the sense to promote their respective social integration, to fight against transphobia and to reduce the impacts of the covid-19 pandemic on the lives of these immigrants and refugees, who already had their lives mostly marginalized in terms of housing, access to public health services, education, qualification and professional insertion courses. Methodology: An ethnographic, netnographic, bibliographical and documentary research was carried out, exploring the literature relevant to the subject, as well as some sociological theories on gender studies, emotions and intersectionality. Exploratory interviews were carried out with qualified interlocutors and the construction of a field notebook as a way to strengthen the research that began in October 2021 and ended in April 2022. Results: Based on the data collected, public policies aimed at trans women immigrants and refugees in Barcelona, for the most part, fail to achieve their goals and are perceived by the interlocutors as ineffective. Such perceptions occur, among other factors, due to the fact that many trans women only get to know government programs and social aid when they are part of LGBTQIA+ activism and we assume that this should not be the rule. Everyone should have a free choice to become activists or not, such participation should not be objectified by the interests of receiving government support and public aid. Furthermore, it is important to point out that one of the reasons for this ineffectiveness is that the communication channels of the Barcelona government, for the most part, are not able to promote symmetrical dialogues between these trans-immigrant and refugee women with the governmental public spheres and, therefore, they are not able to truly empower them. Another reason is the lack of control in relation to compliance with existing legislation. For example, if existing legal regulations were followed and correctly applied by private companies in hiring these women, unemployment rates among trans women would be lower. It was also found that part of the employees of public offices that should welcome citizens without any type of discrimination on account of sexual orientation, gender identities or expressions, often have an LGTBQIA+phobic, racist and/or xenophobic behavior. It is important to highlight that all of the eight life trajectories, that will be presented and reflected in depth, experienced some type of intersectional discrimination. Gender binarisms and prejudices negatively affect society as a whole (and not just the LGBTQIA+ population), as in addition to restricting (rather than expanding) citizenship rights, it alters family and work dynamics and triggers a series of feelings such as fears, insecurities, frustrations, anger, sadness, low self-esteem and disorders such as anxiety, depression and various modalities of OCD (obsessive- compulsive disorder) among many other sensations that affect the mental health, emotions and identities of these people . Conclusion: Based on this premise, society is marked by the definition of roles and social expectations of what would be appropriate for a man and woman, the verification of current scientific clarification indicates that the recommendations addressed would benefit transsexual, transgender and cross-dressing women, if there were more public policies based on diversity, equity, equality; in an education that is neutral from childhood and that is able to assist in the social construction of individuals; in the nonrejection of the feminine and the overvaluation of the masculine, the development of projects with respectful, dynamic guidelines and with expansion mechanisms must be carried out, with greater possibilities of integration and not only in the labor aspect, but also involving volunteers, leisure, action and different elements that help trans women to be integrated within the society in which we live. This work was also carried out as a way to claim assistance for basic security needs for these trans immigrant and refugee women who are fleeing a situation of physical violence and/or symbolic violence (interinstitutional, intersectional, such as xenophobia and misogyny). Everyone deserves to have opportunities, to be heard and be treated with dignity.
Introduction: Mobilizations for recognition and social rights involving the heterogeneous LGBTQIA+ community began in the so-called “Stonewall riots” (which took place in New York in 1969) and had the emblematic participation of transsexuals, transgenders and cross-dressers. In other words, LGBTQIA+ activism, from its beginning, had trans people as protagonists, who claimed (and continue to claim) for the rights that circumscribe sexual and gender diversity not only for themselves, but for the entire LGBTQIA+ collective, which is extremely diverse in terms of identity and geographically dispersed. One of the reasons for choosing this theme is idiosyncratic, that is, as an immigrant woman in Europe, since I began to understand the LGBTQIA+ realities, I developed feelings of empathy for the struggles in defense of sexual and gender diversity. In addition, we believe that there are still few studies that reflect on the dynamic claims of trans people inside and outside Latin America and Europe in contemporary times. Commonly neglected, trans women are mostly in various situations and degrees of social vulnerability (especially after the covid-19 pandemic that occurred in the years 2020-2022) and, as a result, emotions and feelings such as anguishes, fears and traumas (among others) are usually part of their lives, particularly in environments marked by systemic transphobia, fruit of the heteronormativity and cispatriarchy. Sociologically, these conditions are circumscribed by intersectionality (or convergence of prejudices), since most of the interlocutors who are part of the sample of this investigation, in addition to the stigmas intrinsic to the lives of trans immigrants or refugees of South American or Eastern European origins in a southern European metropolis, they also suffer discrimination related to classism, racism, misogyny, homophobia, sexism, ableism or due to stigmas related to the participation of some of these people in the sex market. Such challenges require the constant construction of resilience strategies to face this complex sociocultural conjuncture and try to survive it. In this sense, this study now presented, deals with the life trajectories of these trans immigrant and refugee women in Barcelona, an emblematic city for the LGBTQIA+ community in Europe due to its pioneering spirit (along with other metropolises such as London and Paris) in the struggles against homophobia and transphobia. For this we will consider, among other issues, legal aspects related to the difficulties for legalization in a country of the European Union, in this case Spain and for insertion in the formal job market to overcome the socio-economic consequences brought by the covid-19 pandemic. Thus, this investigation will focus on reflecting on the survival strategies of transsexual, transgender and cross-dressing women of foreign origin in the city of Barcelona. Objectives: One of the central objectives of this investigation was also to evaluate the effectiveness of some social policies developed by the Ajuntament (municipal council) of Barcelona, by the Generalitat (regional government) of Catalunya aimed at the LGBTQIA+ community (especially trans women) and immigrants in the sense to promote their respective social integration, to fight against transphobia and to reduce the impacts of the covid-19 pandemic on the lives of these immigrants and refugees, who already had their lives mostly marginalized in terms of housing, access to public health services, education, qualification and professional insertion courses. Methodology: An ethnographic, netnographic, bibliographical and documentary research was carried out, exploring the literature relevant to the subject, as well as some sociological theories on gender studies, emotions and intersectionality. Exploratory interviews were carried out with qualified interlocutors and the construction of a field notebook as a way to strengthen the research that began in October 2021 and ended in April 2022. Results: Based on the data collected, public policies aimed at trans women immigrants and refugees in Barcelona, for the most part, fail to achieve their goals and are perceived by the interlocutors as ineffective. Such perceptions occur, among other factors, due to the fact that many trans women only get to know government programs and social aid when they are part of LGBTQIA+ activism and we assume that this should not be the rule. Everyone should have a free choice to become activists or not, such participation should not be objectified by the interests of receiving government support and public aid. Furthermore, it is important to point out that one of the reasons for this ineffectiveness is that the communication channels of the Barcelona government, for the most part, are not able to promote symmetrical dialogues between these trans-immigrant and refugee women with the governmental public spheres and, therefore, they are not able to truly empower them. Another reason is the lack of control in relation to compliance with existing legislation. For example, if existing legal regulations were followed and correctly applied by private companies in hiring these women, unemployment rates among trans women would be lower. It was also found that part of the employees of public offices that should welcome citizens without any type of discrimination on account of sexual orientation, gender identities or expressions, often have an LGTBQIA+phobic, racist and/or xenophobic behavior. It is important to highlight that all of the eight life trajectories, that will be presented and reflected in depth, experienced some type of intersectional discrimination. Gender binarisms and prejudices negatively affect society as a whole (and not just the LGBTQIA+ population), as in addition to restricting (rather than expanding) citizenship rights, it alters family and work dynamics and triggers a series of feelings such as fears, insecurities, frustrations, anger, sadness, low self-esteem and disorders such as anxiety, depression and various modalities of OCD (obsessive- compulsive disorder) among many other sensations that affect the mental health, emotions and identities of these people . Conclusion: Based on this premise, society is marked by the definition of roles and social expectations of what would be appropriate for a man and woman, the verification of current scientific clarification indicates that the recommendations addressed would benefit transsexual, transgender and cross-dressing women, if there were more public policies based on diversity, equity, equality; in an education that is neutral from childhood and that is able to assist in the social construction of individuals; in the nonrejection of the feminine and the overvaluation of the masculine, the development of projects with respectful, dynamic guidelines and with expansion mechanisms must be carried out, with greater possibilities of integration and not only in the labor aspect, but also involving volunteers, leisure, action and different elements that help trans women to be integrated within the society in which we live. This work was also carried out as a way to claim assistance for basic security needs for these trans immigrant and refugee women who are fleeing a situation of physical violence and/or symbolic violence (interinstitutional, intersectional, such as xenophobia and misogyny). Everyone deserves to have opportunities, to be heard and be treated with dignity.
Description
Keywords
Cross-Dressing Imigração Mulheres Trans Mulheres Transexuais Refugio Transfobia