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A presente dissertação para obtenção do grau de mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas
encontra-se dividida em duas partes correspondentes às duas etapas da Unidade Curricular
Estágio.
A primeira parte é referente à componente de Investigação que consistiu no estudo do
Declínio Cognitivo em idosos institucionalizados com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crónica
(DPOC). Adicionalmente, realizou-se a caracterização sociodemográfica, clínica e
farmacológica dos idosos mencionados, assim como, a sua comparação com os idosos
institucionalizados com outras patologias respiratórias crónicas das vias aéreas inferiores
(DR) e os idosos sem patologias respiratórias crónicas das vias aéreas inferiores (SEM DR).
Para atingir estes objetivos, procedeu-se à recolha de dados através de inquéritos realizados
aos idosos pertencentes aos lares e centros de dia da Beira Interior que integravam o Projeto
Interdisciplinary Challenges On Neurodegeneration (ICON) – (CENTRO-01-0145-
FEDER-000013). Realizou-se uma análise descritiva dos dados calculando frequências,
medidas de tendência central e de dispersão. Recorreu-se ao teste não paramétrico de
Kruskal-Wallis para cálculo do p-value, com o fim de verificar as diferenças e/ou
semelhanças entre as amostras independentes estudadas. Adicionalmente, foi utilizado o
teste do Qui-Quadrado de Pearson ou o teste Exato de Fisher para verificar a possível
relação entre variáveis. Foi considerado um nível de significância de 0,05.
Integraram o estudo 341 idosos institucionalizados, subdivididos nos três grupos
supramencionados, com 26 idosos com DPOC, 28 com DR e 287 SEM DR.
Verificou-se que os idosos institucionalizados com DPOC apresentam características
sociodemográficas e clínicas semelhantes aos doentes com DPOC em geral e aos idosos com
DPOC em particular. Mostrou-se um predomínio da DPOC com o aumento da idade e um
maior número de institucionalizações a partir dos 75 anos, com uma maior percentagem de
doentes homens neste grupo do que de mulheres. O tabagismo foi identificado como um
fator de risco para o desenvolvimento da DPOC na população estudada, com 12,50% dos
fumadores a desenvolverem a doença.
Através da comparação dos três grupos pré-definidos – DPOC, DR e SEM DR – mostrou-se
um maior detrimento do estado de saúde geral dos idosos com DPOC, com maior número
de patologias associadas, destacando-se as doenças cardiovasculares e maior número de
medicamentos e/ou suplementos alimentares descritos nos seus esquemas terapêuticos. Predomina entre o grupo estudado o uso de associações de classes farmacológicas no
mesmo dispositivo no controlo da sua patologia respiratória, nomeadamente Antagonistas
Colinérgicos de longa duração de ação (LAMA) + Agonistas Adrenérgicos ß2 de longa
duração de ação (LABA) e LABA + Corticosteroides Inalados (ICS).
Foi avaliado o declínio cognitivo dos idosos institucionalizados, independentemente do seu
diagnóstico clínico, com base em três escalas de avaliação, onde se evidenciou uma
percentagem mais elevada de declínio cognitivo no grupo com DPOC. Estes dados parecem
confirmar a relação entre ambas as patologias, com a existência de uma predisposição
aumentada para o desenvolvimento de declínio cognitivo por parte dos idosos com DPOC.
Reconhece-se a existência de limitações neste estudo, maioritariamente decorrentes da
reduzida amostra e da subjetividade da recolha de dados devido aos questionários
utilizados, contudo, tal não inviabiliza os seus resultados.
A segunda parte corresponde ao relatório de estágio curricular em farmácia comunitária
realizado na Farmácia Campus São João, de 8 de setembro de 2020 a 22 de janeiro de 2021,
sob orientação da Dra. Ana Sofia Pinto. O presente relatório pretende descrever o
funcionamento da farmácia comunitária, o dia-a-dia do farmacêutico e todas as suas
funções e competências. O farmacêutico comunitário é o profissional de saúde que tem
maior proximidade da comunidade e isso é notório em cada atendimento.
No meu estágio pude realizar todas as funções do farmacêutico comunitário, subdivididas
em duas grandes áreas, o back office e o atendimento ao balcão. No back office realizei todas
as tarefas de gestão e receção de encomendas, armazenamento, marcação de preços,
controlo de prazos de validade, devoluções de produtos, gestão de receituário, entre outras.
No atendimento ao balcão é onde se processa a parte visível, para o público, do trabalho do
farmacêutico. Nesta fase pude dispensar medicamentos, dispositivos médicos e outros
produtos de saúde, assim como aconselhar e alertar os doentes para o seu uso correto e
responsável. Tive ainda a oportunidade de acompanhar os vários serviços farmacêuticos
disponibilizados, tais como a medição de parâmetros fisiológicos e bioquímicos e a
administração de vacinas.
Durante o período de estágio referido, o país – e o mundo – atravessava uma pandemia
(COVID-19), o que obrigou à adaptação de vários procedimentos e à promulgação de
legislação específica para salvaguarda de todas as pessoas envolvidas. Não obstante, o
estágio foi uma experiência enriquecedora que contribuiu imenso para a minha
aprendizagem e para o meu crescimento profissional e pessoal.
This dissertation for obtaining my Master’s Degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences is divided into two parts corresponding to the two components of the “Estágio” (Internship) Curricular Unit. The first part, which refers to the Research component, consisted of a study of the relationship between Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Cognitive Impairment in institutionalized elderly people. A sociodemographic, clinical and pharmacological characterization of the group mentioned above, as well as their comparison with institutionalized elderly people with other chronic respiratory pathologies of the lower airways (which we called “DR” group) and elderly people without chronic respiratory pathologies of the lower airways (which we called “SEM DR” group) was also undertaken. To achieve the proposed objectives, we collected data from elderly people from selected nursing homes or day care centers located in the Beira Interior region, which integrated the Interdisciplinary Challenges On Neurodegeneration Project (ICON) – (CENTRO-01-0145- FEDER-000013). Subsequently, the collected data were analyzed. Firstly, a descriptive analysis of the data was performed, calculating frequency distributions, measures of central tendency and dispersion. To verify the differences or similarities between the independent variables studied, the non parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used. To verify the relationship between variables, we applied the Pearson’s Chi-Square test or the Fisher’s Exact test. A significance level of 0.05 was considered for all the tests mentioned above. This study included 341 institutionalized elderly people, subdivided into the three groups stated above, with 26 elderly patients in the COPD group, 28 in the “DR” group and 287 in the “SEM DR” group. Our study showed that institutionalized elderly patients with COPD have similar sociodemographic and clinical characteristics to patients with COPD and elderly patients with COPD. There was an increase of COPD with increasing age and a greater number of institutionalizations after the age of 75, with a higher percentage of male patients in this group than female patients. Smoking was identified as a COPD risk factor, with 12.50% of the elderly in the smoking group developing the disease. When comparing the three pre-defined groups– “DPOC” (COPD); “DR” and “SEM DR” – the COPD group showed worst general health, with a greater number of comorbidities, namely cardiovascular diseases, and a greater number of drugs and/or food supplements described in their therapeutic schemes. The use of newer combination therapy inhalers – Long-acting Beta 2 Adrenergic Agonists (LABA) plus Long-acting Muscarinic Agents (LAMA) or Long-acting Beta 2 Adrenergic Agonists (LABA) plus Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS) – predominated among the studied group to control their respiratory symptoms. The cognitive impairment of the institutionalized elderly people was evaluated, regardless of their clinical diagnosis, based on three assessment scales, which showed a higher percentage of cognitive impairment in the COPD group. These data may confirm a relationship between both pathologies. As a consequence, we believe that an increased predisposition to the development of cognitive decline exists on elderly patients with COPD. This study has several limitations, mainly resulting from the small sample and the subjectivity of data collection due to the use of questionnaires. However, this does not invalidate our results. The second part of this dissertation corresponds to the curricular internship report, in Community Pharmacy, carried out at “Farmácia Campus São João” from September 8, 2020 to January 22, 2021, under the supervision of Dr. Ana Sofia Pinto. This report describes the community pharmacy, the day-to-day of the pharmacist and all of his functions and competencies. The community pharmacist is the health professional who is closest to the community. During my internship, I was able to perform all the pharmacist’s functions, subdivided into two large areas: the back office area and the patient pharmacy services. At the back office, I performed all the tasks concerning purchasing, storage, distribution and control of medicines and other products as well as prescription control and drug monitoring, among others. The patient pharmacy services are the most visible aspect of the pharmacist’s work. I was able to dispense drugs, medical devices, and other health products, as well as recommending the rational and responsible use of medicines. I was also able to observe various pharmaceutical services, including the measurement of physiological and biological parameters and vaccination. During the aforementioned internship period, the country experienced the COVD-19 world pandemic which forced legislative or regulatory initiatives that have been taken to safeguard all the people involved. Nevertheless, my internship was an inspiring experience that contributed to my learning process and my professional and personal growth.
This dissertation for obtaining my Master’s Degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences is divided into two parts corresponding to the two components of the “Estágio” (Internship) Curricular Unit. The first part, which refers to the Research component, consisted of a study of the relationship between Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Cognitive Impairment in institutionalized elderly people. A sociodemographic, clinical and pharmacological characterization of the group mentioned above, as well as their comparison with institutionalized elderly people with other chronic respiratory pathologies of the lower airways (which we called “DR” group) and elderly people without chronic respiratory pathologies of the lower airways (which we called “SEM DR” group) was also undertaken. To achieve the proposed objectives, we collected data from elderly people from selected nursing homes or day care centers located in the Beira Interior region, which integrated the Interdisciplinary Challenges On Neurodegeneration Project (ICON) – (CENTRO-01-0145- FEDER-000013). Subsequently, the collected data were analyzed. Firstly, a descriptive analysis of the data was performed, calculating frequency distributions, measures of central tendency and dispersion. To verify the differences or similarities between the independent variables studied, the non parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used. To verify the relationship between variables, we applied the Pearson’s Chi-Square test or the Fisher’s Exact test. A significance level of 0.05 was considered for all the tests mentioned above. This study included 341 institutionalized elderly people, subdivided into the three groups stated above, with 26 elderly patients in the COPD group, 28 in the “DR” group and 287 in the “SEM DR” group. Our study showed that institutionalized elderly patients with COPD have similar sociodemographic and clinical characteristics to patients with COPD and elderly patients with COPD. There was an increase of COPD with increasing age and a greater number of institutionalizations after the age of 75, with a higher percentage of male patients in this group than female patients. Smoking was identified as a COPD risk factor, with 12.50% of the elderly in the smoking group developing the disease. When comparing the three pre-defined groups– “DPOC” (COPD); “DR” and “SEM DR” – the COPD group showed worst general health, with a greater number of comorbidities, namely cardiovascular diseases, and a greater number of drugs and/or food supplements described in their therapeutic schemes. The use of newer combination therapy inhalers – Long-acting Beta 2 Adrenergic Agonists (LABA) plus Long-acting Muscarinic Agents (LAMA) or Long-acting Beta 2 Adrenergic Agonists (LABA) plus Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS) – predominated among the studied group to control their respiratory symptoms. The cognitive impairment of the institutionalized elderly people was evaluated, regardless of their clinical diagnosis, based on three assessment scales, which showed a higher percentage of cognitive impairment in the COPD group. These data may confirm a relationship between both pathologies. As a consequence, we believe that an increased predisposition to the development of cognitive decline exists on elderly patients with COPD. This study has several limitations, mainly resulting from the small sample and the subjectivity of data collection due to the use of questionnaires. However, this does not invalidate our results. The second part of this dissertation corresponds to the curricular internship report, in Community Pharmacy, carried out at “Farmácia Campus São João” from September 8, 2020 to January 22, 2021, under the supervision of Dr. Ana Sofia Pinto. This report describes the community pharmacy, the day-to-day of the pharmacist and all of his functions and competencies. The community pharmacist is the health professional who is closest to the community. During my internship, I was able to perform all the pharmacist’s functions, subdivided into two large areas: the back office area and the patient pharmacy services. At the back office, I performed all the tasks concerning purchasing, storage, distribution and control of medicines and other products as well as prescription control and drug monitoring, among others. The patient pharmacy services are the most visible aspect of the pharmacist’s work. I was able to dispense drugs, medical devices, and other health products, as well as recommending the rational and responsible use of medicines. I was also able to observe various pharmaceutical services, including the measurement of physiological and biological parameters and vaccination. During the aforementioned internship period, the country experienced the COVD-19 world pandemic which forced legislative or regulatory initiatives that have been taken to safeguard all the people involved. Nevertheless, my internship was an inspiring experience that contributed to my learning process and my professional and personal growth.
Description
Keywords
Declínio Cognitivo Demência Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crónica (Dpoc) Farmácia Comunitária Idosos Institucionalizados