| Name: | Description: | Size: | Format: | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2.44 MB | Adobe PDF |
Authors
Abstract(s)
Este trabalho foi dividido em dois capítulos, dos quais o primeiro é referente à
componente de investigação integrada na Unidade Curricular de estágio do Mestrado
Integrado de Ciências Farmacêuticas e o segundo corresponde ao relatório de estágio
curricular em Farmácia Comunitária.
O Capítulo I reflete o trabalho de investigação desenvolvido no âmbito da relação dos
fatores de risco cardiovasculares e metabólicos, com a existência de diferentes graus de
deterioro cognitivo, em idosos residentes em estruturas residenciais para idosos da Beira
Interior.
A demência está definida como um estado progressivo de deterioração das funções
cognitivas e das capacidades necessárias para viver de forma autónoma e independente.
Foram identificados vários fatores de risco para a demência, sendo a idade o mais
importante. A prevalência de demência duplica a cada 5 anos, depois dos 65 anos de
idade.
As demências são difíceis de diagnosticar devido às suas causas multifatoriais, sintomas
sobrepostos com outras patologias (como a depressão) e variedade de patologias
degenerativas, que resultam numa apresentação clínica inconsistente.
De forma a perceber melhor o estado do deterioro cognitivo foram desenvolvidos alguns
instrumentos como as escalas psicométricas Escala Global de Deterioração (GDS) e
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) com o objetivo de avaliar o estado clínico dos
indivíduos.
Estudos epidemiológicos recentes sugerem que a presença de doenças cardiovasculares
durante a meia-idade está associada a um risco aumentado de deficiência cognitiva e de
demência posterior. Não é claro o que está a impulsionar esta associação, mas o risco
pode estar aumentado devido a um aumento da deposição amiloide, alterações
vasculares (por exemplo, doenças de vasos pequenos) e devido ao aumento dos níveis de
stress oxidativo e inflamação, bem como alterações na biodisponibilidade do óxido
nítrico.
Desta forma, foram analisadas diversas doenças cardiovasculares como fatores de risco
que contribuem para o deterioro cognitivo e a demência. Foram assim obtidos dados terapêuticos de idosos pertencentes à EBIcoort, coorte criada no âmbito do projeto
ICON. Foram constituídos quatro grupos de estudo e procedeu-se à caracterização da
coorte nos domínios sociodemográfico e clínico, analisando fatores de risco
cardiovasculares, parâmetros bioquímicos e esquemas terapêuticos instituídos.
Posteriormente, os dados foram analisados e verificou-se que um estado grave ou muito
grave de deterioro cognitivo pode estar relacionado com a diminuição percentual de
doenças como a hipertensão, insuficiência cardíaca e a diabetes. Níveis inferiores de
glicémia sérica associados ao diagnóstico de diabetes podem também estar relacionados
com o agravamento do deterioro cognitivo.
No segundo capítulo é descrito o estágio em farmácia comunitária que teve lugar na
Farmácia Social Mutualista Covilhanense entre 7 de fevereiro e 24 de junho de 2022.
Neste capítulo é descrito o funcionamento e organização de uma farmácia comunitária,
assim como as áreas de intervenção de um farmacêutico e as competências adquiridas ao
longo de 20 semanas.
This work is divided into two chapters. The first chapter is related to the research component integrated into the internship course of the Master's Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, while the second chapter corresponds to the internship report in Community Pharmacy. Chapter I presents the research conducted on the association between cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors and varying degrees of cognitive impairment in elderly residents of care facilities in the Beira Interior region. Dementia is defined as a progressive deterioration of cognitive functions and the abilities necessary for independent living. Several risk factors for dementia have been identified, with age being the most significant. The prevalence of dementia doubles every five years after the age of 65. Diagnosing dementia is challenging due to its multifactorial causes, symptoms that overlap with other conditions (such as depression), and a variety of degenerative conditions, leading to inconsistent clinical presentations. Various instruments, such as the psychometric scales Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), have been developed to assess the clinical status of individuals and quantify cognitive impairment. Recent epidemiological studies have suggested that the presence of cardiovascular diseases in midlife is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment and dementia later in life. It is not clear what drives this association, but the increased risk may be due to factors such as increased amyloid deposition, vascular changes (such as small vessel diseases), heightened levels of oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as changes in nitric oxide bioavailability. In this study, various cardiovascular diseases were analyzed as risk factors contributing to cognitive impairment and dementia. Therapeutic data were obtained from elderly individuals belonging to the EBIcohort, a cohort created as part ofthe ICON project. Four study groups were formed, and the cohort was characterized in terms of sociodemographic and clinical domains, analyzing cardiovascular risk factors, biochemical parameters, and therapeutic regimens. Subsequently, the data were analyzed, and it was found that a severe or very severe state of cognitive impairment may be related to a percentage decrease in diseases such as hypertension, heart failure, and diabetes. Lower levels of serum glucose associated with the diagnosis of diabetes may also be related to the worsening of cognitive impairment. The second chapter of this report discusses the internship that took place at the “Farmácia Social Mutualista Covilhanense” from February 7 to June 24, 2022. This chapter provides an overview of how a community pharmacy operates and is structured, including the various areas where a pharmacist can make an impact and the skills that were developed over the course of 20 weeks.
This work is divided into two chapters. The first chapter is related to the research component integrated into the internship course of the Master's Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, while the second chapter corresponds to the internship report in Community Pharmacy. Chapter I presents the research conducted on the association between cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors and varying degrees of cognitive impairment in elderly residents of care facilities in the Beira Interior region. Dementia is defined as a progressive deterioration of cognitive functions and the abilities necessary for independent living. Several risk factors for dementia have been identified, with age being the most significant. The prevalence of dementia doubles every five years after the age of 65. Diagnosing dementia is challenging due to its multifactorial causes, symptoms that overlap with other conditions (such as depression), and a variety of degenerative conditions, leading to inconsistent clinical presentations. Various instruments, such as the psychometric scales Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), have been developed to assess the clinical status of individuals and quantify cognitive impairment. Recent epidemiological studies have suggested that the presence of cardiovascular diseases in midlife is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment and dementia later in life. It is not clear what drives this association, but the increased risk may be due to factors such as increased amyloid deposition, vascular changes (such as small vessel diseases), heightened levels of oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as changes in nitric oxide bioavailability. In this study, various cardiovascular diseases were analyzed as risk factors contributing to cognitive impairment and dementia. Therapeutic data were obtained from elderly individuals belonging to the EBIcohort, a cohort created as part ofthe ICON project. Four study groups were formed, and the cohort was characterized in terms of sociodemographic and clinical domains, analyzing cardiovascular risk factors, biochemical parameters, and therapeutic regimens. Subsequently, the data were analyzed, and it was found that a severe or very severe state of cognitive impairment may be related to a percentage decrease in diseases such as hypertension, heart failure, and diabetes. Lower levels of serum glucose associated with the diagnosis of diabetes may also be related to the worsening of cognitive impairment. The second chapter of this report discusses the internship that took place at the “Farmácia Social Mutualista Covilhanense” from February 7 to June 24, 2022. This chapter provides an overview of how a community pharmacy operates and is structured, including the various areas where a pharmacist can make an impact and the skills that were developed over the course of 20 weeks.
Description
Keywords
Demência Deterioro Cognitivo Fatores de Risco Cardiovascular Idosos