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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
O êxodo em massa de cerca de 700 mil pessoas das ex-colónias portuguesas em meados do século XX, constitui um capítulo ambíguo na história contemporânea de Portugal. Não há aliás memoria de fenómeno idêntico à escala mundial.
Rotulados de Retornados, regressaram espoliados dos seus bens, e ao chegar a Portugal viram-se sem casa, sem emprego e sem dinheiro para fazer face às despesas básicas. Contaram ainda com a hostilidade de quem os via chegar em catadupa, e se sentia ameaçado pelo regresso daqueles irmãos, familiares e/ou conhecidos por não compreender o motivo porque não continuavam nas ex-colónias.
Contudo, em pouco mais de quatro, cinco anos, estavam totalmente integrados.
O espírito empreendedor que os caracterizava, conjugado com a visão empresarial que vivenciaram nas ex-colónias, nomeadamente de trocas comerciais com país limítrofes às ex-colónias, permitiu-lhes afirmarem-se num país pouco industrializado e pouco qualificado.
Como objetivo a presente dissertação procura assim compreender o fenómeno da integração por via do empreendedorismo (dando corpo às motivações, ajudas, dificuldades encontradas) e percecionar o contributo que os Retornados deram ao país, numa altura de profundas alterações económicas e sociais.
A metodologia seguida consistiu na análise de dados qualitativos com base na realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com gravação áudio previamente autorizadas com recurso a um guião de entrevista e que foram depois passadas a escrito. Através do software webQDA os dados foram depois tratados.
Alguns dos resultados confirmam, por exemplo, a literatura quanto ao motivo que levou os entrevistados para as ex-colónia, ou relativamente às dificuldades encontradas quando regressaram, confirmam ainda a interajuda e comprometimento entre os retornados evidenciada na literatura, mostra ainda que cinco dos nove entrevistados criaram cinco ou mais negócios, sobressai ainda a capacidade de iniciativa e a larga experiência como gerentes e gestores dos seus negócios, ou ainda, para terminar os exemplos, a conjugação de interesses entre o que o país precisava e o know-how dos retornados.
Deste estudo emergem ainda algumas orientações interessantes que podem e devem ser consideradas para a atual crise de migrantes que a Europa atravessa. O estudo debateu-se com algumas limitações como a sua reduzida amostra constituindo por isso um estudo exploratório. Por outro lado, o tema está pouco estudado, também por constituir um caso ímpar a nível mundial e por não conter entrevistados de todas as ex-colónias ultramarinas.
Como investigação futura realça-se à partida o limite temporal de vida daqueles que podem testemunhar na primeira pessoa tudo o que têm para contar pelo que deve ser incentivado o seu estudo enquanto o mesmo ainda for possível. Depois a necessidade de aumentar a amostra e estendê-la a outras zonas do país bem como aos retornados de todas as ex-colónias, ou ainda alargá-lo aos filhos dos retornados, apenas para citar algumas futuras linhas de investigação.
The mass exodus of about 700.000 people from the former Portuguese colonies in the mid-twentieth century, constitutes an ambiguous chapter in the contemporary history of Portugal. There is no memory of the same phenomenon on a world scale. Labelled as "Retornados", they returned without their belongings, and when they arrived in Portugal they saw themselves without a home, without a job and without money to have a basic life. They also had to face the hostility of those who saw them arrive and felt threatened by the return of those brothers, relatives and / or acquaintances for not understanding why they did not continue in the former colonies. However, in more than four, five years, they were fully integrated. The entrepreneurial spirit that characterized them, coupled with the entrepreneurial vision they experienced in the former colonies, especially trade with neighboring countries, allowed them to assert themselves in a backward, scarcely industrialized and low-skilled country. The present dissertation aims to understand the phenomenon of integration through entrepreneurship (giving substance to the motivations, helps, difficulties encountered) and to perceive the contribution that the Returned gave to the country, at a time of profound economic and social changes. The methodology followed consisted in the analysis of qualitative data based on the accomplishment of semi-structured interviews with audio recordings previously authorized with recourse to an interview script and that were then written. Through the webQDA software the data were then processed. Some of the results confirm, for example, the literature on the reason that the interviewees took to the ex-colony, or on the difficulties encountered when they returned, also confirm the mutual help and commitment among returnees evidenced in the literature, also shows that five of the nine interviewees have created five or more businesses, there is also the capacity for initiative and wide experience as administrators and managers of their businesses, or, to finish the examples, the combination of interests between what the country needed and the know-how of returnees. From this study some interesting guidelines emerge that can and should be considered for the current crisis of migrants that Europe is undergoing. The study was confronted with some limitations such as its small sample, which is an exploratory study. On the other hand, the subject is little studied, also for being an odd case worldwide and for not containing interviewees of all the former overseas colonies. As a future investigation, the temporal limit of life of those who can witness in the first person all that they have to tell must be encouraged at the outset, so that their study should be encouraged while it is still possible. Then the need to increase the sample and extend it to other parts of the country as well as to the returnees of all the former colonies, or to extend it to the children of the returnees, just to mention some future lines of investigation.
The mass exodus of about 700.000 people from the former Portuguese colonies in the mid-twentieth century, constitutes an ambiguous chapter in the contemporary history of Portugal. There is no memory of the same phenomenon on a world scale. Labelled as "Retornados", they returned without their belongings, and when they arrived in Portugal they saw themselves without a home, without a job and without money to have a basic life. They also had to face the hostility of those who saw them arrive and felt threatened by the return of those brothers, relatives and / or acquaintances for not understanding why they did not continue in the former colonies. However, in more than four, five years, they were fully integrated. The entrepreneurial spirit that characterized them, coupled with the entrepreneurial vision they experienced in the former colonies, especially trade with neighboring countries, allowed them to assert themselves in a backward, scarcely industrialized and low-skilled country. The present dissertation aims to understand the phenomenon of integration through entrepreneurship (giving substance to the motivations, helps, difficulties encountered) and to perceive the contribution that the Returned gave to the country, at a time of profound economic and social changes. The methodology followed consisted in the analysis of qualitative data based on the accomplishment of semi-structured interviews with audio recordings previously authorized with recourse to an interview script and that were then written. Through the webQDA software the data were then processed. Some of the results confirm, for example, the literature on the reason that the interviewees took to the ex-colony, or on the difficulties encountered when they returned, also confirm the mutual help and commitment among returnees evidenced in the literature, also shows that five of the nine interviewees have created five or more businesses, there is also the capacity for initiative and wide experience as administrators and managers of their businesses, or, to finish the examples, the combination of interests between what the country needed and the know-how of returnees. From this study some interesting guidelines emerge that can and should be considered for the current crisis of migrants that Europe is undergoing. The study was confronted with some limitations such as its small sample, which is an exploratory study. On the other hand, the subject is little studied, also for being an odd case worldwide and for not containing interviewees of all the former overseas colonies. As a future investigation, the temporal limit of life of those who can witness in the first person all that they have to tell must be encouraged at the outset, so that their study should be encouraged while it is still possible. Then the need to increase the sample and extend it to other parts of the country as well as to the returnees of all the former colonies, or to extend it to the children of the returnees, just to mention some future lines of investigation.
Description
Keywords
Análise Qualitativa Empreendedorismo Migrante Integração Negócio Retornados