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Authors
Abstract(s)
A amendoeira (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb) é uma árvore que pode atingir 6 m de
altura, em condições de cultivo, e tem origem nas regiões montanhosas da Ásia Central.
Neste momento, a cultura da amendoeira distribui-se por mais de 60 países,
particularmente à volta do Mar Mediterrâneo, do sudoeste da Ásia, Ásia Central, sudoeste
da Rússia, Ucrânia, Cáucaso, Himalaias, América do Norte, América do Sul, África do Sul e
Austrália.
Na caracterização nutricional do miolo de amêndoa das diversas cultivares do Algarve e de
outras não portuguesas, mas que crescem nas mesmas condições edafo-climáticas das
cultivares portuguesas, foram analisados os teores de humidade, cinzas, proteína, lípidos,
hidratos de carbono e teor energético. Alguns parâmetros de qualidade (índice de acidez,
índice de peróxidos, K232 e K270) dos óleos extraídos das amêndoas bem como os grupos
de ácidos gordos (ácidos gordos saturados, mono- e polinsaturados) foram também
avaliados. A atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos foi avaliada bem como a dos extratos
hidroalcoólicos das amêndoas às quais já tinham sido extraídos os óleos. As atividades
antioxidante / anti-inflamatória e anti-tirosinase destes extratos foram também avaliadas.
Os teores de proteína variaram entre 17,03±0,2 e 33,1±0,8 g proteína /100 g sendo a cultivar
Desmayo a que apresentou a concentração mais elevada. O teor de lípidos variou entre
36,47±0,07% e 59,25±0,07%, sendo a cultivar Lourencinha a que tinha o teor mais elevado.
Os hidratos de carbono variaram entre os valores mínimo e máximo de 3,9±1,6 % e
38,8±0,6 %.
As percentagens de ácidos gordos saturados variaram entre 7,02±0,01 % e 9,562±0,004 %,
as dos ácidos gordos monoinsaturados variaram entre 66,226±0,009 % e 82,55±0,02 % e a
dos polinsaturados entre 10,39±0,02 % e 24,455±0,007 %. Os parâmetros de qualidade
analisados foram o índice de acidez que variou entre 2,4±0,5 mg KOH/g de óleo e 24,4±1,5
mg KOH/g de óleo, o índice de peróxidos variou entre 2,68±0,01 meq O2/kg e 11,6±1,8 meq
O2/kg, o K232 variou entre 96,0±0,10 e 167,0±0,10, o K270 variou entre 8,2±0,10 e
19,8±0,10.
Após a obtenção dos extratos hidroalcoolicos determinou-se o conteúdo total de fenóis que
variou entre 0,7±0,1 mg GAE/100 g e 5,9±0,5 mg GAE/100 g. Determinou-se também a
atividade antioxidante, anti-inflamatória, a atividade enzimática, o poder redutor e a
atividade antimicrobiana (ex: DPPH, superóxido, monóxido de azoto, tirosinase). Os
valores de DPPH variaram entre 1,05±0,03 mg/mL e 7,48±0,09 mg/mL, os de superóxido variaram entre 4,3±0,2 mg/mL e 15,7±0,5 mg/mL, os de monóxido de azoto variaram entre
e 10,0±3,9 % e 62,6±3,3 %, os da tirosinase variaram entre 7,1±0,2 % e 67,5±2,4 %.
The almond tree (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb) is a tree that can reach 6 m in height under growing conditions and has its origin in the mountainous regions of Central Asia. At present, almond cultivation is distributed over 60 countries, particularly around the Mediterranean Sea, southwest Asia, Central Asia, southwest Russia, Ukraine, Caucasus, Himalayas, North America, South America, South Africa, and Australia. In the nutritional characterization of almond kernel cultivars from Algarve region and cultivars from non-Algarve region, which grew under the same conditions, moisture, ash, protein, lipids, carbohydrates, and energy content were analysed. Some quality parameters such as acidity index, peroxide index, K232 and K270 were evaluated. Fatty acid profiles were evaluated by determining the monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and saturated fatty acids content. The antioxidant/anti-inflammatory and antityrosinase activities were also determined. The protein contents varied between 17.03±0.2 and 33.1±0.8 g protein /100g and the cultivar with the highest content was Desmayo. The lipid content showed values between 36.47±0.07 % and 59.25±0.07 %, with the cultivar Lourencinha showing the highest content. Carbohydrates varied between the minimum and maximum values of 3.9±1.6% and 38.8±0.6%. The percentages of saturated fatty acids ranged between 7.02±0.01 % and 9.562±0.004%, those of monounsaturated fatty acids ranged between 66.226±0.009% and 82.55±0.02% and that of polyunsaturated between 10.39±0.02% and 24.455±0.007%. The quality parameters analysed were the acidity index that ranged between 2.4±0.5 mg KOH/g of oil and 24.4±1.5 mg KOH/g of oil, the peroxide index ranged between 2.68±0.01 meq O2/kg and 11.6±1.8 meq O2/kg, K232 varied between 96.0±0.10 and 167.0±0.10, K270 varied between 8.2±0, 10 and 19.8±0.10. After obtaining the hydroalcoholic extracts, the total content of phenols, which varied between 0.7±0.1 mg GAE/100 g and 5.9±0.5 mg GAE/100 g, was determined. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, enzymatic activity, reducing power and antimicrobial activity (e.g. DPPH, superoxide, nitric oxide, tyrosinase) were also determined. DPPH values ranged between 1.05±0.03 mg/mL and 7.48±0.09 mg/mL, superoxide values ranged between 4.3±0.2 mg/mL and 15.7±0.5 mg/mL, nitric oxide ranged between and 10.0±3.9% and 62.6±3.3%, tyrosinase ranged between 7.1±0.2% and 67.5±2.4%.
The almond tree (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb) is a tree that can reach 6 m in height under growing conditions and has its origin in the mountainous regions of Central Asia. At present, almond cultivation is distributed over 60 countries, particularly around the Mediterranean Sea, southwest Asia, Central Asia, southwest Russia, Ukraine, Caucasus, Himalayas, North America, South America, South Africa, and Australia. In the nutritional characterization of almond kernel cultivars from Algarve region and cultivars from non-Algarve region, which grew under the same conditions, moisture, ash, protein, lipids, carbohydrates, and energy content were analysed. Some quality parameters such as acidity index, peroxide index, K232 and K270 were evaluated. Fatty acid profiles were evaluated by determining the monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and saturated fatty acids content. The antioxidant/anti-inflammatory and antityrosinase activities were also determined. The protein contents varied between 17.03±0.2 and 33.1±0.8 g protein /100g and the cultivar with the highest content was Desmayo. The lipid content showed values between 36.47±0.07 % and 59.25±0.07 %, with the cultivar Lourencinha showing the highest content. Carbohydrates varied between the minimum and maximum values of 3.9±1.6% and 38.8±0.6%. The percentages of saturated fatty acids ranged between 7.02±0.01 % and 9.562±0.004%, those of monounsaturated fatty acids ranged between 66.226±0.009% and 82.55±0.02% and that of polyunsaturated between 10.39±0.02% and 24.455±0.007%. The quality parameters analysed were the acidity index that ranged between 2.4±0.5 mg KOH/g of oil and 24.4±1.5 mg KOH/g of oil, the peroxide index ranged between 2.68±0.01 meq O2/kg and 11.6±1.8 meq O2/kg, K232 varied between 96.0±0.10 and 167.0±0.10, K270 varied between 8.2±0, 10 and 19.8±0.10. After obtaining the hydroalcoholic extracts, the total content of phenols, which varied between 0.7±0.1 mg GAE/100 g and 5.9±0.5 mg GAE/100 g, was determined. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, enzymatic activity, reducing power and antimicrobial activity (e.g. DPPH, superoxide, nitric oxide, tyrosinase) were also determined. DPPH values ranged between 1.05±0.03 mg/mL and 7.48±0.09 mg/mL, superoxide values ranged between 4.3±0.2 mg/mL and 15.7±0.5 mg/mL, nitric oxide ranged between and 10.0±3.9% and 62.6±3.3%, tyrosinase ranged between 7.1±0.2% and 67.5±2.4%.
Description
Keywords
Amendoeira Antioxidante Conteúdo Total de Fenóis Dpph Hidratos de Carbono Lípidos Monóxido de Azoto Poder de Redução Proteína