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Abstract(s)
Devido ao aumento significativo de novos casos de tumores malignos em todo o mundo, a cada ano, torna-se imperativo que as investigações se debrucem continuamente sobre os temas que envolvem o paciente com cancro. Devido a essa alta incidência, e particularmente, no que se refere aos cancros da mama e do útero, os respetivos rastreios destes cancros, em Portugal, estão sempre em constante análise e monitorização pelo Sistema Nacional de Saúde (SNS) (Direção Geral de Saúde, DGS, 2015). Mesmo com toda prevenção, os números ainda são muito elevados, existindo diversos fatores, incluindo fatores psicossociais, que contribuem para o desajustamento mental dessas mulheres, em muitos casos, face ao diagnóstico destes cancros. Apesar de a literatura na área da Psicologia, incidir, já há algum tempo, na área da Oncologia, buscando explicar os vários fenômenos que possam ocorrer, ainda não existem muitos consensos em torno dos temas. Por isso, o objetivo geral deste estudo, é dar o nosso contributo neste sentido clarificando o funcionamento cognitivo-emocional de mulheres com cancro mamário e ginecológico (Grupo Patologia Maligna), mediante as variáveis aqui analisadas. Foram criados mais dois grupos que serviram de comparação Grupo Normativo (N= 121) e Grupo Patologia Benigna (N= 58), com os resultados da nossa população-alvo (N= 89). Desta forma, o objetivo geral deste estudo é avaliar o funcionamento cognitivo-emocional de mulheres com cancro mamário e ginecológico. Para isso, enquanto objetivos secundários, avaliámos os valores das prestações atencionais dos três grupos da amostra (Grupo Normativo, Grupo Patologia Benigna e Grupo Patologia Maligna) através do Teste Stroop Emocional com Screening para Sintomas Alexitímicos, criado nesta investigação para esta finalidade. Verificámos as características sociodemográficas, e comparámos os índices de Inteligência Emocional (IE), Qualidade de Vida (QV), Sintomas Psicopatológicos e Mindfulness, nos três grupos. Ainda, examinámos as correlações entre a Alexitimia e a IE, as Sintomatologias Psicopatológicas e a Alexitimia, a IE e o Mindfulness e, por último, as Sintomatologias Psicopatológicas e o Mindfulness, em toda a amostra. Criámos, por último, um Modelo Conceptual com base na QV das mulheres com cancro da mama e ginecológico. Utilizámos como instrumentos, um questionário sociodemográfico, o Teste de Stroop Emocional com screening para a Alexitimia, Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), a Escala de Inteligência Emocional de Schutte, Questionário das Cinco Facetas de Mindfulness (FFMQ), Inventário de Sintomas Psicopatológicos (BSI) e o Questionário EORTC QLQ-C30 (QV). Como resultados principais, a lâmina 1 (neutra) do Teste Stroop com screening para Alexitimia apresentou a pontuação mais alta entre as 3 lâminas do teste, nos três grupos, sendo o Grupo sem Alexitimia a apresentar a pontuação mais alta nesta lâmina, conforme esperado. Não existem diferenças estatísticas significativas entre as lâminas nos três grupos, pelo que não é possível identificar traços alexitímicos através do Teste Stroop, nesta amostra. O Grupo Patologia Maligna apresenta valores deficitários de atenção na nomeação de cores no Teste Stroop tendo por base de comparação os dois outros grupos. O mesmo grupo apresentou menor média no Fator 2 (Dificuldades em descrever sentimentos dos outros) e no Total da Escala de Alexitimia (TAS-20), o que sugeriu valores um pouco mais acentuados nestas dimensões, para este grupo. Existem diferenças estatísticas em todas as dimensões do Mindfulness nos três grupos, embora exista por parte dos três grupos capacidade para a prática do Mindfulness. O Grupo Normativo apresentou os valores mais altos de IE em todas as dimensões, como esperado. Os três grupos apresentam valores significativos em todas as dimensões da escala de Sintomatologias Psicopatológicas, com exceção da dimensão Ansiedade Fóbica. O Grupo Patologia Maligna apresenta médias superiores em todas as dimensões da escala de Qualidade de vida (QV), comparativamente ao Grupo Patologia Benigna. Entre a IE e a Alexitimia há correlação estatística negativa significativa na medida em que a IE aumenta, diminui os níveis de Alexitimia. Existe correlação estatística positiva entre a Alexitimia e as Sintomatologias Psicopatológicas. As dimensões Psicopatológicas com maiores correlações negativas com o Mindfulness são, por ordem decrescente, o Psicoticismo, o Total da escala do BSI e a Depressão. Existem correlações positivas significativas entre grande parte das dimensões entre a IE e o Mindfulness. As dimensões Descrever e o Total da Escala apresentaram valores maiores de correlação positiva com as dimensões da IE. Existem correlações positivas significativas entre grande parte das dimensões da IE e do Mindfulness. O Modelo Conceptual, que teve como referência a QV das mulheres com cancro da mama e ginecológico, demonstrou que somente os Sintomas Psicopatológicos e a IE em conjunto já explicam 28% da variância dos resultados, entre outros resultados deste modelo.
Due to the significant increase in new cases of malignant tumors around the world, year after year, it is imperative that the investigations continually focus on the areas that involve the cancer patient. Due to this high incidence, and particularly with regard to cancers of the breast and uterus, the respective screenings of these cancers in Portugal are always under constant analysis and monitoring by the National Health System (SNS), DGS, 2015). Even with all of the prevention, the numbers are still very high and there are several factors, including psychosocial factors, which can contribute to the mental maladjustment of cancer patients. Even though the literature in the area of Psychology has been dedicated for some time to the Oncology area, seeking to explain the various phenomena that may occur, no consensus around the themes has been reached. Therefore, this study looks to make a contribution in this sense by clarifying the cognitive-emotional functioning of women with breast and gynecological cancer (Malignant Pathology Group), using the variables analyzed here. Along with our Malignant Pathology Group (N= 89), two additional groups were also created for the purpose of comparison, Normal Group (N = 121), and Benign Pathology Group (N =58). Thus, the general objective of this study is to evaluate the cognitive-emotional functioning of women with breast and gynecological cancer. In order to do so, values from all three groups (Malignant Pathology Group, Normal Group, and Benign Pathology Group) were evaluated using the Emotional Stroop Test with Screening for Alexithymic Symptoms. We compared the correlations between Emotional Intelligence, Quality of Life (QL), Psychopathological Symptoms and Mindfulness, in the three groups, and we also examined the correlations between Alexithymia and IE, Psychopathological Symptoms and Alexithymia, IE and Mindfulness and, finally, Psychopathological Symptoms and Mindfulness, throughout the sample. Finally, we created a Conceptual Model based on the QOL of women with breast and gynecological cancer. The instruments used throughout this study were: a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Emotional Stroop Test with screening for Alexithymia, Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale, Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), Inventory of Psychopathological Symptoms (BSI) and the EORTC Questionnaire QLQ-C30 (QV). The main results indicated that the Stroop (neutral) slide of the Stroop Test with Alexitimia screening had the highest score among the 3 slides of the test, in the 3 groups, with the non-Alexithymia Group presenting the highest score on this slide, as expected. There are no statistically significant differences between the slides in the three groups, so it is not possible to identify alexithymic traits through the Stroop Test, in this sample. The Malignant Pathology Group presented deficit attention values in the naming of colors in the Stroop Test, based on the comparison between the two other groups. The same group presented a lower average in Factor 2 (Difficulties in describing feelings of others) and in the Total Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), which suggested slightly higher marked values in these dimensions for this group. There are statistical differences, in all three groups, with regard to the dimensions of Mindfulness, even though all of the groups presented the ability to practice Mindfulness. The control group (Normality) presented the highest values of IE in all dimensions, as expected. The three groups also presented significant values in all dimensions of the Psychopathological Symptomatology scale, with the exception of the Phobic Anxiety dimension. The Malignant Pathology Group presented higher averages in all dimensions of the Quality of Life (QoL) scale compared to the Benign Pathology Group. Between IE and Alexitimia there was significant negative statistical correlation, as IE increased the Alexitimia levels decreased. There was a positive statistical correlation between Alexithymia and Psychopathological Symptoms. The Psychopathological dimensions with the highest negative correlations with Mindfulness were, in descending order, the Psychoticism, the Total BSI scale and Depression. There were significant positive correlations between most of the dimensions in relation to IE and Mindfulness. The Describe and Total Scale dimensions presented higher values of positive correlation with IE dimensions. The Conceptual Model, which had as a reference the QoL of women with breast and gynecological cancer, showed that Psychopathological Symptoms and IE together account for 28% of the variance of the results in the QV variable, among other results of this model. Therefore, we can conclude that the results of this investigation were very positive in the sense of demystifying the beliefs of fatalism often associated with the diagnosis of cancer.
Due to the significant increase in new cases of malignant tumors around the world, year after year, it is imperative that the investigations continually focus on the areas that involve the cancer patient. Due to this high incidence, and particularly with regard to cancers of the breast and uterus, the respective screenings of these cancers in Portugal are always under constant analysis and monitoring by the National Health System (SNS), DGS, 2015). Even with all of the prevention, the numbers are still very high and there are several factors, including psychosocial factors, which can contribute to the mental maladjustment of cancer patients. Even though the literature in the area of Psychology has been dedicated for some time to the Oncology area, seeking to explain the various phenomena that may occur, no consensus around the themes has been reached. Therefore, this study looks to make a contribution in this sense by clarifying the cognitive-emotional functioning of women with breast and gynecological cancer (Malignant Pathology Group), using the variables analyzed here. Along with our Malignant Pathology Group (N= 89), two additional groups were also created for the purpose of comparison, Normal Group (N = 121), and Benign Pathology Group (N =58). Thus, the general objective of this study is to evaluate the cognitive-emotional functioning of women with breast and gynecological cancer. In order to do so, values from all three groups (Malignant Pathology Group, Normal Group, and Benign Pathology Group) were evaluated using the Emotional Stroop Test with Screening for Alexithymic Symptoms. We compared the correlations between Emotional Intelligence, Quality of Life (QL), Psychopathological Symptoms and Mindfulness, in the three groups, and we also examined the correlations between Alexithymia and IE, Psychopathological Symptoms and Alexithymia, IE and Mindfulness and, finally, Psychopathological Symptoms and Mindfulness, throughout the sample. Finally, we created a Conceptual Model based on the QOL of women with breast and gynecological cancer. The instruments used throughout this study were: a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Emotional Stroop Test with screening for Alexithymia, Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale, Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), Inventory of Psychopathological Symptoms (BSI) and the EORTC Questionnaire QLQ-C30 (QV). The main results indicated that the Stroop (neutral) slide of the Stroop Test with Alexitimia screening had the highest score among the 3 slides of the test, in the 3 groups, with the non-Alexithymia Group presenting the highest score on this slide, as expected. There are no statistically significant differences between the slides in the three groups, so it is not possible to identify alexithymic traits through the Stroop Test, in this sample. The Malignant Pathology Group presented deficit attention values in the naming of colors in the Stroop Test, based on the comparison between the two other groups. The same group presented a lower average in Factor 2 (Difficulties in describing feelings of others) and in the Total Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), which suggested slightly higher marked values in these dimensions for this group. There are statistical differences, in all three groups, with regard to the dimensions of Mindfulness, even though all of the groups presented the ability to practice Mindfulness. The control group (Normality) presented the highest values of IE in all dimensions, as expected. The three groups also presented significant values in all dimensions of the Psychopathological Symptomatology scale, with the exception of the Phobic Anxiety dimension. The Malignant Pathology Group presented higher averages in all dimensions of the Quality of Life (QoL) scale compared to the Benign Pathology Group. Between IE and Alexitimia there was significant negative statistical correlation, as IE increased the Alexitimia levels decreased. There was a positive statistical correlation between Alexithymia and Psychopathological Symptoms. The Psychopathological dimensions with the highest negative correlations with Mindfulness were, in descending order, the Psychoticism, the Total BSI scale and Depression. There were significant positive correlations between most of the dimensions in relation to IE and Mindfulness. The Describe and Total Scale dimensions presented higher values of positive correlation with IE dimensions. The Conceptual Model, which had as a reference the QoL of women with breast and gynecological cancer, showed that Psychopathological Symptoms and IE together account for 28% of the variance of the results in the QV variable, among other results of this model. Therefore, we can conclude that the results of this investigation were very positive in the sense of demystifying the beliefs of fatalism often associated with the diagnosis of cancer.
Description
Keywords
Doente oncológico - Sintomatologia psicopatológica Doente oncológico - Qualidade de vida Doente oncológico - Funcionamento cognitivo e emocional