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Abstract(s)
A Perturbação de Hiperatividade com Défice de Atenção é uma perturbação do desenvolvimento do Sistema Nervoso, que se caracteriza pela tríade clássica: défice da atenção, hiperatividade e impulsividade.
Pode atingir o auge ou manifestar-se pela primeira vez no início da idade escolar.
Durante muitos anos foi considerada uma doença estritamente infantil, que era superada na adolescência. Apesar do quadro clínico melhorar com o amadurecimento, os sinais sintomatológicos podem estender-se para a idade adulta, com impacto negativo na qualidade de vida e no quotidiano, nomeadamente a nível pessoal, familiar, social, afetivo, académico e ocupacional. Todavia, nos adultos continua a ser subdiagnosticada.
É uma doença com etiologia multifatorial, sendo o resultado de uma complexa combinação de fatores genéticos, ambientais, culturais, sociais e alterações estruturais e funcionais. A hereditariedade é, no entanto, considerada a principal causa desta perturbação.
Existem dois principais sistemas de classificação (o Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Perturbações Mentais e a Classificação Internacional de Doenças) que apresentam os critérios diagnósticos que devem orientar a análise do comportamento de indivíduos com suspeita de Perturbação de Hiperatividade com Défice de Atenção.
Atualmente, não existe nenhum teste neuropsicológico específico para determinar a presença ou ausência da doença, o que ilustra a importância de um elevado índice de suspeição. O seu diagnóstico é tipicamente clínico e, em adultos, é sobretudo retrospetivo, dependendo da análise do comportamento na infância e de uma avaliação concreta do comportamento atual.
Esta perturbação raramente surge isolada, sendo as comorbilidades frequentes.
O tratamento deve ser multimodal. Contudo, a medicação é o cerne do tratamento, sendo os psicoestimulantes os fármacos de primeira linha.
Sob o aspeto metodológico, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica atualizada, baseada no levantamento de artigos da Pubmed, B-on, UpToDate, e Google Académico e em livros e revistas de referência da área da Psiquiatria, com o intuito de verificar de que forma a sintomatologia desta perturbação afeta as atividades diárias e a qualidade de vida dos seus portadores.
The Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a developmental disorder of the nervous system, characterized by the classic triad: attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity. It can reach its peak or manifest for the first time in the early school age. For many years it was considered strictly a childhood disease, which was later overcome during adolescence. In spite of its clinical profile getting better with the age, the symptomatology signs may extend into adulthood, with negative impact on the quality of life, including personal, family, social, emotional, academic and occupational level. Nevertheless, in adults remains underdiagnosed. It is a disease of multifactorial etiology, the result of a complex combination of genetic, environmental, cultural, social and structural and functional changes. Heredity is, however, considered the main cause of such disturbance. There are two main classification systems (the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and the International Classification of Diseases) which present the diagnostic criteria that should guide the analysis of the behavior of individuals with suspected Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Currently, there is no specific neuropsychological test to determine the presence or absence of the disease, which illustrates the importance of a high index of suspicion. The diagnosis is typically clinical and, in adults, is mainly retrospective, depending on behavior analysis in childhood and a real assessment of current behavior. This disturbance appears rarely isolated, with frequent comorbidities. Treatment should be multimodal. However, medication is the mainstay of treatment, while psychostimulants are the first-line drugs. From the methodological point, an updated literature search was developed based on survey items Pubmed, B-on, UpToDate, and Google Académico and in books and reference journals in the Psychiatry area, in order to verify how the symptoms of this disorder affect daily activities and the quality of life of its patients.
The Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a developmental disorder of the nervous system, characterized by the classic triad: attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity. It can reach its peak or manifest for the first time in the early school age. For many years it was considered strictly a childhood disease, which was later overcome during adolescence. In spite of its clinical profile getting better with the age, the symptomatology signs may extend into adulthood, with negative impact on the quality of life, including personal, family, social, emotional, academic and occupational level. Nevertheless, in adults remains underdiagnosed. It is a disease of multifactorial etiology, the result of a complex combination of genetic, environmental, cultural, social and structural and functional changes. Heredity is, however, considered the main cause of such disturbance. There are two main classification systems (the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and the International Classification of Diseases) which present the diagnostic criteria that should guide the analysis of the behavior of individuals with suspected Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Currently, there is no specific neuropsychological test to determine the presence or absence of the disease, which illustrates the importance of a high index of suspicion. The diagnosis is typically clinical and, in adults, is mainly retrospective, depending on behavior analysis in childhood and a real assessment of current behavior. This disturbance appears rarely isolated, with frequent comorbidities. Treatment should be multimodal. However, medication is the mainstay of treatment, while psychostimulants are the first-line drugs. From the methodological point, an updated literature search was developed based on survey items Pubmed, B-on, UpToDate, and Google Académico and in books and reference journals in the Psychiatry area, in order to verify how the symptoms of this disorder affect daily activities and the quality of life of its patients.
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Keywords
Adultos Atenção Hiperatividade Hipercinética Phda