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Abstract(s)
No período de 2012-17, o semiárido nordestino enfrentou uma das secas plurianuais mais
prolongadas da sua história. As secas agravam os problemas de convivência com o
semiárido para grande parte da população de cerca de 25 milhões de habitantes, sendo que
cerca de 9 milhões vivem na zona rural dos 1.262 municípios desta região. Muito já foi feito
na luta pela melhoria das condições de vida desta população, como o Programa 1 Milhão de
Cisternas.
No entanto, existem diversas frentes que precisam urgentemente de serem tratadas:
garantir a qualidade da água; implantar sistemas de dessalinização de água salobra do
subsolo; escalar o plantio de culturas resistentes à seca e tolerantes a solos ácidos e à água
salobra; desenvolver políticas públicas de otimização de uso da água e do solo agricultável,
de redução do desperdício de água e de alimentos e de produção e armazenamento eficiente
de grãos e forragens.
Por outro lado, diversas tecnologias sociais vêm sendo desenvolvidas por inúmeras
instituições, em todo o País, na procura de soluções para estes e outros problemas do
semiárido, como a destinação adequada de resíduos sólidos, especialmente os plásticos nãobiodegradáveis.
Neste contexto, a presente investigação tem foco em estudos que permitam o
desenvolvimento de novas soluções tecnológicas a partir da utilização inédita de resíduos
sintéticos de indústrias têxteis localizadas no semiárido, para a construção de dispositivos
que possibilitem a irrigação subterrânea por capilaridade, para serem aplicados a culturas
tradicionais do semiárido. Os dispositivos propostos são tecnologias sociais: “low-tech”, de
baixo custo e construídos em parceria com as comunidades, com materiais e ferramentas
locais, além de poderem incorporar outros lixos plásticos como garrafas PET e recipientes
diversos, que são normalmente descartados indiscriminadamente no meio ambiente.
Com relação aos capítulos desta investigação, no Capítulo 2 há uma contextualização,
incluindo conceitos e métodos de irrigação, além de diversos produtos e tecnologias
existentes para irrigação subterrânea por capilaridade. Além de apresentar a problemática
dos resíduos têxteis no Brasil e no Mundo.
No Capítulo 3 é feita uma revisão do transporte dos líquidos e métodos de caracterização da
capilaridade. O Capítulo 4 apresenta os diversos resultados dos experimentos de caracterização de resíduos têxteis, além da ideação, construção dos dispositivos e testes de
campo realizados em laboratórios experimentais nos estados do Piauí, Paraíba e Rio Grande
do Norte. O Capítulo 5 apresenta o desenvolvimento de dispositivo de irrigação capilar de
baixo custo para irrigação do semiárido.
As conclusões estão no Capítulo 6, finalizando com as Referências Bibliográficas (Capítulo
7). Em seguida, como anexo, há uma cartilha de construção de um dos dispositivos
idealizados, o Baldecap 2, que pode ser utilizada em oficinas com as comunidades rurais.
As principais contribuições desta investigação foram: a) testes de capilaridade confirmaram
a possibilidade de utilização de diversos resíduos têxteis sintéticos para a aplicação na
irrigação subterrânea por capilaridade, de baixo custo; b) ideação, construção e testes dos
seguintes dispositivos (somente destacados os principais): canteiro económico capilar, um
aperfeiçoamento do canteiro económico da Embrapa, com a inclusão de um dispositivo
baseado em resíduos têxteis para otimização da irrigação subterrânea por capilaridade;
SISCAFI, colar PET, vasos auto irrigáveis, Baldecap e Baldecap 2, que combinam a
reutilização de lixo na forma de garrafas plásticas com resíduos têxteis; testes de
germinação de sementes de culturas típicas do semiárido, nos Baldecap 2, que resultou em
um desempenho três vezes superior, combinando-se maior crescimento e menor consumo
de água, se comparados a baldes comuns sem capilaridade e sem aeração, para aplicação no
crescimento de mudas (entre viveiro e cultura).
In the period 2012-17, the Northeastern semi-arid region faced one of the longest multiannual droughts in its history. Droughts exacerbate the problems of living with the semiarid region for a large part of the population of about 25 million inhabitants, with about 9 million living in the rural areas of the 1,262 municipalities in this region. Much has been done in the struggle to improve the living conditions of this population, such as the 1 Million Cisterns Program (P1MC). However, there are several fronts that urgently need to be addressed: guaranteeing water quality; to implement desalination systems for the brackish groundwater; escalate the planting of crops resistant to drought and tolerant to acid soils and brackish water; develop public policies to optimize the use of water and agricultural land, to reduce water and food waste and to efficiently produce and store grains and fodder. On the other hand, several grassroot technologies have been developed by countless institutions, all over the country, in search of solutions to these and other problems in the semiarid region, such as the proper destination of solid waste, especially non-biodegradable plastics. In this context, the present investigation focuses on studies that allow the development of new technological solutions based on the unprecedented use of synthetic waste from textile industries located in the semiarid region, for the construction of devices that allow underground irrigation by capillarity, to be applied to traditional semi-arid cultures. The proposed devices are grassroot technologies: "low-tech", low cost and built in partnership with communities, with local materials and tools, in addition to being able to incorporate other plastic waste such as PET bottles and various containers, which are normally indiscriminately disposed in the environment. With regard to the chapters of this investigation, in Chapter 2 there is a contextualization, including irrigation concepts and methods, in addition to several existing products and technologies for underground capillarity irrigation. In addition, the problem of textile waste in Brazil and in the world is presented. Chapter 3 reviews the transport of liquids and capillary characterization methods. Chapter 4 presents the various results of the textile waste characterization experiments, in addition to the ideation, construction of devices and field tests carried out in experimental laboratories in the states of Piauí, Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte. Chapter 5 presents the development of a low-cost capillary irrigation device for irrigating the semiarid region. The conclusions are in Chapter 6, ending with Bibliographic References (Chapter 7). Then, as an attachment, there is a booklet for building one of the idealized devices, Baldecap 2, which can be used in workshops with rural communities. The main contributions of this investigation were: a) capillarity tests confirmed the possibility of using several synthetic textile residues for application in low cost underground capillarity irrigation; b) ideation, construction and testing of the following devices (only the main ones are highlighted): capillary economic raised bed, an improvement of Embrapa's economic raised bed, with the inclusion of a device based on reuse of textile residues to optimize underground irrigation by capillarity; SISCAFI, PET collar, self-irrigating vases, Baldecap and Baldecap 2, which combine the reuse of waste in the form of plastic bottles with textile waste; seed germination tests of typical semi-arid cultures, in Baldecap 2, which resulted in a performance three times superior, combining greater growth and less water consumption, when compared to common buckets without capillarity and without aeration, for application in seedling growth/nursery.
In the period 2012-17, the Northeastern semi-arid region faced one of the longest multiannual droughts in its history. Droughts exacerbate the problems of living with the semiarid region for a large part of the population of about 25 million inhabitants, with about 9 million living in the rural areas of the 1,262 municipalities in this region. Much has been done in the struggle to improve the living conditions of this population, such as the 1 Million Cisterns Program (P1MC). However, there are several fronts that urgently need to be addressed: guaranteeing water quality; to implement desalination systems for the brackish groundwater; escalate the planting of crops resistant to drought and tolerant to acid soils and brackish water; develop public policies to optimize the use of water and agricultural land, to reduce water and food waste and to efficiently produce and store grains and fodder. On the other hand, several grassroot technologies have been developed by countless institutions, all over the country, in search of solutions to these and other problems in the semiarid region, such as the proper destination of solid waste, especially non-biodegradable plastics. In this context, the present investigation focuses on studies that allow the development of new technological solutions based on the unprecedented use of synthetic waste from textile industries located in the semiarid region, for the construction of devices that allow underground irrigation by capillarity, to be applied to traditional semi-arid cultures. The proposed devices are grassroot technologies: "low-tech", low cost and built in partnership with communities, with local materials and tools, in addition to being able to incorporate other plastic waste such as PET bottles and various containers, which are normally indiscriminately disposed in the environment. With regard to the chapters of this investigation, in Chapter 2 there is a contextualization, including irrigation concepts and methods, in addition to several existing products and technologies for underground capillarity irrigation. In addition, the problem of textile waste in Brazil and in the world is presented. Chapter 3 reviews the transport of liquids and capillary characterization methods. Chapter 4 presents the various results of the textile waste characterization experiments, in addition to the ideation, construction of devices and field tests carried out in experimental laboratories in the states of Piauí, Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte. Chapter 5 presents the development of a low-cost capillary irrigation device for irrigating the semiarid region. The conclusions are in Chapter 6, ending with Bibliographic References (Chapter 7). Then, as an attachment, there is a booklet for building one of the idealized devices, Baldecap 2, which can be used in workshops with rural communities. The main contributions of this investigation were: a) capillarity tests confirmed the possibility of using several synthetic textile residues for application in low cost underground capillarity irrigation; b) ideation, construction and testing of the following devices (only the main ones are highlighted): capillary economic raised bed, an improvement of Embrapa's economic raised bed, with the inclusion of a device based on reuse of textile residues to optimize underground irrigation by capillarity; SISCAFI, PET collar, self-irrigating vases, Baldecap and Baldecap 2, which combine the reuse of waste in the form of plastic bottles with textile waste; seed germination tests of typical semi-arid cultures, in Baldecap 2, which resulted in a performance three times superior, combining greater growth and less water consumption, when compared to common buckets without capillarity and without aeration, for application in seedling growth/nursery.
Description
Keywords
Resíduos Têxteis Capilaridade Irrigação Subterrânea Semiárido Nordestino Sustentabilidade