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Abstract(s)
O crescimento das cidades acentuou a falta de infra-estruturas, assistindo-se
frequentemente a um crescimento irracional e desordenado, resultando na fragmentação
dos perímetros urbanos. O crescimento das cidades passou a reger-se essencialmente por
critérios economicistas, de construir sempre mais.
A procura de habitação por parte da população tem vindo a dar origem a novas zonas
habitacionais, resultando no aparecimento das cidades satélite, também conhecidas
como cidades dormitório, bairros da periferia exclusivamente residenciais. Este
crescimento da cidade evidenciou a necessidade de garantir a existência de infraestruturas,
tais como a rede de saneamento básico, abastecimento de água,
estacionamento público, espaços verdes e equipamentos, como o caso das escolas.
Verificou-se que a iniciativa particular dominava as operações urbanísticas, em especial
de loteamento, por constituir uma actividade bastante lucrativa. Citando António Pereira
da Costa1, “…os particulares aufeririam os lucros dessa actividade e a Administração
suportaria os diferentes encargos, aqueles fariam a despesa e esta pagaria a factura,
como soe dizer-se.” Foram-se definindo parâmetros de dimensionamento que obrigassem
a prever áreas colectivas e infra-estruturas em todas as operações de loteamento. Estas
áreas poderiam ser públicas ou privadas dependendo da vontade do promotor. A
experiência veio a demonstrar, porém, que na esmagadora maioria dos casos, o promotor
opta por espaços colectivos públicos, transferindo para a autarquia o ónus da sua
manutenção. Em suma, assiste-se a uma prática “abusiva” de cedências de terrenos, sem
que na maioria das vezes exista por parte da autarquia a possibilidade financeira de
concretizar a finalidade aí estabelecida, transformando-se consequentemente em vazios
urbanos sem qualquer utilidade.
Assim, esta dissertação pretende como objectivo essencial encontrar algumas respostas
para a questão: serão as cedências para equipamentos e espaços verdes de utilização
colectiva geradoras de “Vazios Urbanos”? É esta a questão à qual se pretende dar
resposta no decurso da presente dissertação, tendo como estudo de caso a área de
expansão urbana da “Grande Covilhã”, na qual se analisarão todos os loteamentos desde
23 de Outubro de 1999, momento a partir do qual entrou em vigor o PDM.
The growth of cities accentuated the lack of infrastructures, and frequently led to an irrational and inordinate increase of cities, with oversized infrastructures and urban perimeter fragmentation. This growth became, essentially, attached to economic criteria, with an emphasis on building as much as possible. The search for shelter areas from the population has created new habitational zones, which resulted in the appearance of satellite cities, also known as dormitory cities, peripheral neighbourhoods that are exclusively residential. This city growth pinpointed the need to guarantee the existence of infrastructures, such as a basic sanitary system, water supplies, public parking lots, green spaces and equipment, such as schools. It is verifiable that private initiatives were dominating urbanistic operations, especially allotment, since it was a somewhat profitable activity. Quoting António Pereira da Costa2 , “…the private entities acquired the profits of that activity and the Administration would support the several charges, those would spend and the others would pay the bills, you could say.” Dimensioning parameters that forced the envisioning of collective areas and infrastructures in every allotment operation kept taking shape. These areas could be either public or private, according to a promoter’s will. As experience has demonstrated, however, in an overwhelming majority of cases, the promoter opts for collective public places, transferring the burden of their maintenance into the hands of the municipality. To sum up, there is an “abusive” demand to yield land, even if most of the time the municipality’s financial capabilities aren’t enough to accomplish its intended purpose, which consequently creates useless empty urban spaces. Therefore, this dissertation intends to find some answers for the following question: is the yielding of equipment zones and green spaces of collective use creating “Urban Void Zones”? The answer to that question is the purpose of this essay, whose case study is the “Grande Covilhã” urban expansion area, in which the urbanizations since October 23rd, 1999, moment when the Municipal Director Plan (PDM) was introduced, will be analyzed.
The growth of cities accentuated the lack of infrastructures, and frequently led to an irrational and inordinate increase of cities, with oversized infrastructures and urban perimeter fragmentation. This growth became, essentially, attached to economic criteria, with an emphasis on building as much as possible. The search for shelter areas from the population has created new habitational zones, which resulted in the appearance of satellite cities, also known as dormitory cities, peripheral neighbourhoods that are exclusively residential. This city growth pinpointed the need to guarantee the existence of infrastructures, such as a basic sanitary system, water supplies, public parking lots, green spaces and equipment, such as schools. It is verifiable that private initiatives were dominating urbanistic operations, especially allotment, since it was a somewhat profitable activity. Quoting António Pereira da Costa2 , “…the private entities acquired the profits of that activity and the Administration would support the several charges, those would spend and the others would pay the bills, you could say.” Dimensioning parameters that forced the envisioning of collective areas and infrastructures in every allotment operation kept taking shape. These areas could be either public or private, according to a promoter’s will. As experience has demonstrated, however, in an overwhelming majority of cases, the promoter opts for collective public places, transferring the burden of their maintenance into the hands of the municipality. To sum up, there is an “abusive” demand to yield land, even if most of the time the municipality’s financial capabilities aren’t enough to accomplish its intended purpose, which consequently creates useless empty urban spaces. Therefore, this dissertation intends to find some answers for the following question: is the yielding of equipment zones and green spaces of collective use creating “Urban Void Zones”? The answer to that question is the purpose of this essay, whose case study is the “Grande Covilhã” urban expansion area, in which the urbanizations since October 23rd, 1999, moment when the Municipal Director Plan (PDM) was introduced, will be analyzed.
Description
Keywords
Loteamento urbano Espaços colectivos