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Abstract(s)
Ao longo dos últimos anos, tem havido um crescente reconhecimento de que os empresários por vezes, operam parcial ou totalmente no setor informal, especialmente quando iniciam empreendimentos. O resultado tem sido uma literatura florescente examinando questões como as características dos empreendedores informais, os seus motivos para operar informalmente e o que pode ser feito para facilitar sua formalização. Esta tese tem como objetivo estudar quais os fatores impulsionadores do empreendedorismo informal (EI) na Europa. Daqui partimos para os objetivos específicos: i) delinear o mapeamento conceptual da publicações em EI (capitulo II); ii) aferir que modo a atividade inovadora influência o aparecimento ou retração do empreendedorismo informal (capitulo III); iv) estudar a relação entre a qualidade das instituições e a existência do empreendedorismo informal (capitulo IV); v) aferir quais os fatores que motivam/impulsionam o surgimento do empreendedorismo informal (capitulo V); vi) determinar o impacto do Empreendedorismo Informal na disponibilidade de capital de risco (capitulo VI).
O primeiro estudo (Capítulo II): O empreendedorismo informal: passado, presente e futuras linhas de investigação, centro Aferirmos de que modo a atividade inovadora influência o aparecimento ou retração do empreendedorismo informal. Através do mapeamento e estrutura conceptual do conceito de “empreendedorismo informal” chegamos às abordagens que servem de objeto de aplicação em estudo futuros desta temática. Com este capítulo (estudo) identificamos as quatro abordagens de estudo ao empreendedorismo informal, que servem de guia para os capitulos seguintes desta tese. Verificamos que as motivações e os determinantes da informalidade são comuns à maioria dos resultados científicos e servem efetivamente como base analítica para argumentar a favor da formalização dos negócios. Outros aspectos presentes na literatura inter-relacionam o empreendedorismo informal com as atividades do empreendedorismo formal e a qualidade das instituições politicas e económicas.
O segundo estudo (Capítulo III): O efeito moderador do nível de desenvolvimento económico na inovação e no empreendedorismo informal. Neste capitulo o nosso objetivo, por um lado, analisar o impacto do investimento em R&D no empreendedorismo informal, por outro verificar o efeito moderador do nível de desenvolvimento económico dos países na sua capacidade inovadora e no empreendedorismo informal. Para tal, e de acordo com o GEM, dividimos os países da Europa nos 2 estádios de desenvolvimento existentes e verificamos que quanto maior o nível de desenvolvimento económico maior a capacidade inovadora e por outro lado menor é o empreendedorismo informal. O mesmo acontece com o investimento em R&D, com o seu incremento o empreendedorismo informal é inversamente proporcional.
O terceiro estudo (Capítulo IV): O Papel das Instituições Políticas e Económicas no Empreendedorismo Informal, pretendemos mostrar de que modo a qualidade das instituições económicas e políticas têm influência no empreendedorismo informal. Para tal utilizamos dados agregados ao nível do país coletados em diversas fontes, nomeadamente no Banco Mundial (WB), Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Económico (OECD), Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) e Freedom House (FH), entre os anos de 2006 e 2015 e para 23 países da Europa, correspondentes a 229 observações (painel não balanceado). Através de uma estimação econométrica, que foi efetuada com metodologias baseadas em modelos de regressão múltipla para dados em painel, verificamos que quanto maior a qualidade das instituições económicas e politicas menor é o empreendedorismo informal.
O quarto estudo (capitulo V): Motivos impulsionadores do empreendedorismo informal: o efeito da crise económico-financeira e da desigualdade. Este, capitulo Pretendemos identificar as variáveis que fomentam o empreendedorismo informal e analisar os efeitos da crise económico-financeira e da desigualdade de rendimentos, em contexto europeu, têm nesse tipo de empreendedorismo. Para tal recorremos a diversas bases de dados internacionais (Banco Mundial, OCDE, Nações Unidas e GEM) e mediante uma modelação econométrica, baseada em modelos de regressão múltipla para dados em painel, foi possível demonstrar que as características sociodemográficas dos indivíduos exercem um efeito positivo no empreendedorismo informal. Para além disso, a crise económico-financeira mostrou ter um efeito mediador entre as características sociodemográficas e o empreendedorismo informal.
O quinto estudo (capitulo VI): Qual o impacto do empreendedorismo informal nos fluxos de capital de risco? Pretendemos estudar qual o impacto da existência do empreendedorismo informal no acesso ao capital de risco. Verificamos teoricamente que o nível de informalidade contribui para a falta de confiança por parte dos investidores, levando a que estes optem por não realizar investimentos nessas economias, com maiores níveis de informalidade. Para levarmos a cabo o nosso objetivo de investigação, utilizamos dados agregados ao nível do país recolhidos em diversas fontes, nomeadamente no Banco Mundial, Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Fórum Económico Mundial, entre os anos de 2006 e 2015 e para 23 países da Europa. Através de uma estimação econométrica, que foi efetuada com metodologias baseadas em modelos de regressão múltipla para dados em painel, verificamos que o empreendedorismo informal tem um efeito moderador negativo entre o PIB e o capital de risco. Pretendemos Pretendemos contribuir para um melhor conhecimento do impacto do empreendedorismo informal nos fluxos financeiros.
Over the last few years there has been a growing recognition that entrepreneurs sometimes operate partially or totally in the informal sector, especially when they start ventures. The result has been a flourishing literature examining issues such as the characteristics of informal entrepreneurs, their motives for operating informally, and what can be done to facilitate their formalization. This thesis aims to study the drivers of informal entrepreneurship (EI) in Europe. From here we set out the specific objectives: i) delineate the conceptual mapping of publications in EI (chapter II); ii) assess how innovative activity influences the emergence or retraction of informal entrepreneurship (Chapter III); iv) study the relationship between the quality of institutions and the existence of informal entrepreneurship (chapter IV); v) assess which factors motivate / encourage the emergence of informal entrepreneurship (chapter V); vi) determine the impact of Informal Entrepreneurship on the availability of risk capital (Chapter VI). The first study (Chapter II): Informal entrepreneurship: past, present and future lines of research. We have been doing research for the past 26 years. Through the mapping and conceptual structure of the concept of "informal entrepreneurship" we arrive at the approaches that we believe are the object of application in future studies of this theme. With this research we find four approaches to informal entrepreneurship, and these will be the guide to the following chapters of this thesis. We have found that the motivations and determinants of informality are common to most scientific results and serve effectively as an analytical basis for arguing in favor of formalizing business. Other aspects present in the literature interrelate IE with the activities of formal entrepreneurship and the quality of political and economic institutions The second study (Chapter III): The moderating effect of the level of economic development on innovation and informal entrepreneurship. In this chapter, our objective was to analyse the impact of R & D investment on informal entrepreneurship, on the other, to verify the moderating effect of countries' economic development on their innovative capacity and informal entrepreneurship. To do this, and according to the GEM, we have divided the countries of Europe into the two existing development stages, and we find that the higher the level of economic development, the greater the capacity for innovation and the smaller the informal entrepreneurship. The same happens with R&D investment, with its incremental informal entrepreneurship is inversely proportional. The third study (Chapter IV): The Role of Political and Economic Institutions in Informal Entrepreneurship. In this chapter we intend to show how the quality of economic and political institutions influence informal entrepreneurship. We use aggregated data at country level collected from a variety of sources, including the World Bank (WB), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and Freedom House (FH). 2006 and 2015 and for 23 countries in Europe, corresponding to 229 observations (unbalanced panel). Through an econometric estimation, which was carried out using methodologies based on multiple regression models for panel data, we verified that the higher the quality of the economic and political institutions the smaller the informal entrepreneurship. The fourth study (chapter V): Motivating drivers of informal entrepreneurship: the effect of the economic and financial crisis and inequality. This chapter aimed to identify the variables that foster informal entrepreneurship and analyse the effects of the economic and financial crisis and the income inequality, in a European context, have in this type of entrepreneurship. We used a number of international databases (World Bank, OECD, United Nations and GEM) and using an econometric model based on multiple regression models for panel data, it was possible to demonstrate that the sociodemographic characteristics of individuals exert a positive effect in informal entrepreneurship. In addition, the economic-financial crisis has shown to have a mediating effect between sociodemographic characteristics and informal entrepreneurship. The fifth study (chapter VI): What is the impact of informal entrepreneurship on venture capital flows?l. In this last chapter, we intend to study the impact of the existence of informal entrepreneurship on access to risk capital. Theoretically, we verified that the level of informality contributes to the lack of confidence on the part of the investors, leading them to choose not to invest in these economies, with higher levels of informality. To achieve our goal we use country-level aggregated data collected from a variety of sources, including the World Bank, Organization for Cooperation and Development, World Economic Forum, between 2006 and 2015 and 23 countries in Europe. Through an econometric estimation, which was carried out using methodologies based on multiple regression models for panel data, we verified that informal entrepreneurship has a negative moderating effect between GDP and risk capital. We intend to contribute to a better understanding of the impact of informal entrepreneurship on financial flows.
Over the last few years there has been a growing recognition that entrepreneurs sometimes operate partially or totally in the informal sector, especially when they start ventures. The result has been a flourishing literature examining issues such as the characteristics of informal entrepreneurs, their motives for operating informally, and what can be done to facilitate their formalization. This thesis aims to study the drivers of informal entrepreneurship (EI) in Europe. From here we set out the specific objectives: i) delineate the conceptual mapping of publications in EI (chapter II); ii) assess how innovative activity influences the emergence or retraction of informal entrepreneurship (Chapter III); iv) study the relationship between the quality of institutions and the existence of informal entrepreneurship (chapter IV); v) assess which factors motivate / encourage the emergence of informal entrepreneurship (chapter V); vi) determine the impact of Informal Entrepreneurship on the availability of risk capital (Chapter VI). The first study (Chapter II): Informal entrepreneurship: past, present and future lines of research. We have been doing research for the past 26 years. Through the mapping and conceptual structure of the concept of "informal entrepreneurship" we arrive at the approaches that we believe are the object of application in future studies of this theme. With this research we find four approaches to informal entrepreneurship, and these will be the guide to the following chapters of this thesis. We have found that the motivations and determinants of informality are common to most scientific results and serve effectively as an analytical basis for arguing in favor of formalizing business. Other aspects present in the literature interrelate IE with the activities of formal entrepreneurship and the quality of political and economic institutions The second study (Chapter III): The moderating effect of the level of economic development on innovation and informal entrepreneurship. In this chapter, our objective was to analyse the impact of R & D investment on informal entrepreneurship, on the other, to verify the moderating effect of countries' economic development on their innovative capacity and informal entrepreneurship. To do this, and according to the GEM, we have divided the countries of Europe into the two existing development stages, and we find that the higher the level of economic development, the greater the capacity for innovation and the smaller the informal entrepreneurship. The same happens with R&D investment, with its incremental informal entrepreneurship is inversely proportional. The third study (Chapter IV): The Role of Political and Economic Institutions in Informal Entrepreneurship. In this chapter we intend to show how the quality of economic and political institutions influence informal entrepreneurship. We use aggregated data at country level collected from a variety of sources, including the World Bank (WB), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and Freedom House (FH). 2006 and 2015 and for 23 countries in Europe, corresponding to 229 observations (unbalanced panel). Through an econometric estimation, which was carried out using methodologies based on multiple regression models for panel data, we verified that the higher the quality of the economic and political institutions the smaller the informal entrepreneurship. The fourth study (chapter V): Motivating drivers of informal entrepreneurship: the effect of the economic and financial crisis and inequality. This chapter aimed to identify the variables that foster informal entrepreneurship and analyse the effects of the economic and financial crisis and the income inequality, in a European context, have in this type of entrepreneurship. We used a number of international databases (World Bank, OECD, United Nations and GEM) and using an econometric model based on multiple regression models for panel data, it was possible to demonstrate that the sociodemographic characteristics of individuals exert a positive effect in informal entrepreneurship. In addition, the economic-financial crisis has shown to have a mediating effect between sociodemographic characteristics and informal entrepreneurship. The fifth study (chapter VI): What is the impact of informal entrepreneurship on venture capital flows?l. In this last chapter, we intend to study the impact of the existence of informal entrepreneurship on access to risk capital. Theoretically, we verified that the level of informality contributes to the lack of confidence on the part of the investors, leading them to choose not to invest in these economies, with higher levels of informality. To achieve our goal we use country-level aggregated data collected from a variety of sources, including the World Bank, Organization for Cooperation and Development, World Economic Forum, between 2006 and 2015 and 23 countries in Europe. Through an econometric estimation, which was carried out using methodologies based on multiple regression models for panel data, we verified that informal entrepreneurship has a negative moderating effect between GDP and risk capital. We intend to contribute to a better understanding of the impact of informal entrepreneurship on financial flows.
Description
Keywords
Empreendedorismo informal - Desenvolvimento económico - Europa Empreendedorismo informal - Políticas governamentais - Europa