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Barreiras existentes nos cuidados de saúde a partir da perspetiva de pessoas com deficiência
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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Introdução: A acessibilidade nos cuidados de saúde é um direito fundamental, mas as
pessoas com deficiência enfrentam ainda diversos tipos de barreiras. Este é um problema
com grande relevância, uma vez que se estima que existam cerca de 1.3 mil milhões de
pessoas com deficiência, ou seja, 16% da população mundial, e é expectável que este
número venha a aumentar. Estas barreiras, de diferentes tipos, com que se deparam nos
contextos de saúde, têm influência na qualidade dos cuidados oferecidos, bem como nas
experiências de saúde de pessoas com deficiência.
Objetivos: O objetivo geral desta investigação é conhecer as barreiras existentes nos
cuidados de saúde a partir da perspetiva das pessoas com deficiência. Especificamente,
pretende-se avaliar as barreiras existentes, entender a influência do capacitismo no
atendimento e propor melhorias.
Metodologia: Investigação de natureza qualitativa, que teve como técnica de recolha de
dados a entrevista semiestruturada. Foram realizadas entrevistas a 17 participantes com
diferentes tipos de deficiência. As questões incidiram, fundamentalmente, sobre as
experiências de acesso nos cuidados de saúde e sobre a relação com os profissionais de
saúde.
Resultados: Embora a experiência nos cuidados de saúde seja globalmente boa, as
entrevistas revelaram a existência de barreiras arquitetónicas, de comunicação, atitudinais
e organizacionais. Exemplos são a existência de espaços físicos não acessíveis e a falta de
intérpretes de Língua Gestual Portuguesa. A falta de formação dos profissionais de saúde e
a exclusão das pessoas com deficiência das conversas aumentam as dificuldades. Estas
barreiras afetam a autonomia e dificultam o acesso aos serviços, influenciando
negativamente a qualidade do atendimento. Outras limitações mencionadas foram a
transição dos serviços pediátricos para os adultos e os desafios não só como utente, mas
também como acompanhante. As propostas de melhoria dos cuidados de saúde incluem
maior representação de pessoas com deficiência no setor da saúde, melhorias na
comunicação e acessibilidade, além de garantir a existência de espaços físicos e
equipamentos adequados. As pessoas com deficiência relataram ainda experienciar
capacitismo e infantilização por parte de profissionais de saúde, que frequentemente
demonstram falta de paciência e empatia. Embora alguns tentem adaptar o atendimento
às necessidades específicas, muitos tratam as deficiências como a principal característica
da pessoa, ignorando a sua autonomia e individualidade. Para melhorar o atendimento, é essencial que os profissionais de saúde tenham em conta a pessoa no seu todo, priorizando
o modelo biopsicossocial, respeitando a autonomia individual e evitando o paternalismo.
É necessária mais formação sobre as deficiências e os produtos de apoio existentes, além
de promover empatia, escuta ativa e trabalho conjunto com as associações de pessoas com
deficiência.
Conclusão: As pessoas com deficiência, frequentemente, enfrentam capacitismo e falta de
acessibilidade nos cuidados de saúde, o que compromete o serviço que recebem. Para
melhorar a acessibilidade em saúde é essencial uma abordagem segundo o modelo
biopsicossocial, devem existir espaços físicos sem barreiras, assim como políticas que
promovam a inclusão. Assim, as recomendações para a melhoria dos cuidados de saúde
incluem mais formação dos profissionais de saúde neste âmbito e a existência de
infraestruturas e equipamentos adequados que garantam acessibilidade para todos.
Introduction: Accessibility to healthcare is a fundamental right, but people with disabilities still face different types of barriers. This is a significant issue, as it is estimated that approximately 1.3 billion people, or 16% of the global population, live with disabilities—a number expected to rise. These barriers, of different types, faced in healthcare contexts, have an influence on the quality of care offered, as well as on the healthcare experiences of people with disabilities. Objectives: This research aims to explore healthcare barriers from the perspective of people with disabilities. Specifically, the aim is to evaluate existing barriers, understand the influence of ableism on care and propose improvements. Methodology: Qualitative research, which used semi-structured interviews as a data collection technique. Interviews were carried out with 17 participants with different types of disabilities. The questions focused, fundamentally, on experiences of access to health care and the relationship with health professionals. Results: While healthcare experiences are generally positive, interviews highlighted architectural, communication, attitudinal, and organizational barriers. Some examples include the existence of inaccessible physical spaces and the lack of Portuguese Sign Language interpreters. The lack of training of health professionals and the exclusion of people with disabilities from conversations increase the difficulties. These barriers affect autonomy and make access to services difficult, negatively influencing the quality of care. Other limitations mentioned were the transition from pediatric services to adults and the challenges not only as a patient, but also as a companion. Proposals for improving health care include more representation of people with disabilities in the health sector, improvements in communication and accessibility, in addition to ensuring the existence of adequate physical spaces and equipment. People with disabilities also reported experiencing ableism and infantilization by health professionals, who often demonstrate a lack of patience and empathy. Although some try to adapt to specific needs, many treat disabilities as the person's main characteristic, ignoring their autonomy and individuality. Improving healthcare accessibility requires an approach based on the biopsychosocial model, respecting individual autonomy and avoiding paternalism. More training on disabilities and support products is needed, as well as promoting empathy, active listening and working together with associations of people with disabilities. Conclusion: People with disabilities often face ableism and lack of accessibility in healthcare, which compromises the care they receive. To improve healthcare accessibility, an approach based on the biopsychosocial model is essential. There must be physical spaces without barriers, as well as policies that promote inclusion. Therefore, recommendations for improving healthcare include more training of healthcare professionals in this context and the existence of adequate infrastructure and equipment that guarantees accessibility for everyone.
Introduction: Accessibility to healthcare is a fundamental right, but people with disabilities still face different types of barriers. This is a significant issue, as it is estimated that approximately 1.3 billion people, or 16% of the global population, live with disabilities—a number expected to rise. These barriers, of different types, faced in healthcare contexts, have an influence on the quality of care offered, as well as on the healthcare experiences of people with disabilities. Objectives: This research aims to explore healthcare barriers from the perspective of people with disabilities. Specifically, the aim is to evaluate existing barriers, understand the influence of ableism on care and propose improvements. Methodology: Qualitative research, which used semi-structured interviews as a data collection technique. Interviews were carried out with 17 participants with different types of disabilities. The questions focused, fundamentally, on experiences of access to health care and the relationship with health professionals. Results: While healthcare experiences are generally positive, interviews highlighted architectural, communication, attitudinal, and organizational barriers. Some examples include the existence of inaccessible physical spaces and the lack of Portuguese Sign Language interpreters. The lack of training of health professionals and the exclusion of people with disabilities from conversations increase the difficulties. These barriers affect autonomy and make access to services difficult, negatively influencing the quality of care. Other limitations mentioned were the transition from pediatric services to adults and the challenges not only as a patient, but also as a companion. Proposals for improving health care include more representation of people with disabilities in the health sector, improvements in communication and accessibility, in addition to ensuring the existence of adequate physical spaces and equipment. People with disabilities also reported experiencing ableism and infantilization by health professionals, who often demonstrate a lack of patience and empathy. Although some try to adapt to specific needs, many treat disabilities as the person's main characteristic, ignoring their autonomy and individuality. Improving healthcare accessibility requires an approach based on the biopsychosocial model, respecting individual autonomy and avoiding paternalism. More training on disabilities and support products is needed, as well as promoting empathy, active listening and working together with associations of people with disabilities. Conclusion: People with disabilities often face ableism and lack of accessibility in healthcare, which compromises the care they receive. To improve healthcare accessibility, an approach based on the biopsychosocial model is essential. There must be physical spaces without barriers, as well as policies that promote inclusion. Therefore, recommendations for improving healthcare include more training of healthcare professionals in this context and the existence of adequate infrastructure and equipment that guarantees accessibility for everyone.
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Keywords
Barreiras Cuidados de Saúde Pessoas com Deficiência Relação Médico-Paciente