| Name: | Description: | Size: | Format: | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2.98 MB | Adobe PDF |
Authors
Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
O vírus Zika é um flavivírus filogeneticamente relacionado com o vírus Dengue, vírus da Febre Amarela e vírus do Nilo Ocidental. A doença é considerada uma arbovirose emergente transmitida por mosquitos do género Aedes. A rápida disseminação do vírus e seu potencial epidémico são preocupantes, especialmente em territórios com circulação de outras arboviroses, pela dificuldade no diagnóstico diferencial e na sobrecarga dos serviços de saúde.
A sua descoberta deu-se em 1947 na floresta Zika, no Uganda, quando isolado acidentalmente num macaco Rhesus que servia de modelo para estudo do vírus da Febre Amarela. Desde a sua descoberta até 2007, são raros os casos confirmados de infeção pelo vírus Zika em África e sudeste da Ásia. Em 2007, registou-se o primeiro grande surto da doença no arquipélago da Micronésia. Desde então, a doença adquiriu expressão epidémica nas ilhas do oceano Pacífico e países da América Latina.
O vírus Zika é transmitido ao ser humano principalmente através da picada do mosquito Aedes aegypti infetado, o mesmo mosquito que transmite a Dengue, a Chikungunya e a Febre Amarela. Foi comprovado recentemente o papel de outras vias de transmissão do vírus, nomeadamente a intrauterina, perinatal, sexual e através de transfusão de sangue. Cerca de 80% das pessoas infetadas são assintomáticas. As restantes apresentam uma síndrome febril aguda, exantema, artralgia, mialgia, conjuntivite e cefaleias. O diagnóstico pode ser realizado por meio da técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase ou por pesquisa de anticorpos IgG e IgM. O tratamento é sintomático, baseado no alívio da dor e da febre, hidratação e repouso. O processo de desenvolvimento da vacina está em curso, e esta encontra-se na fase I do estudo clínico em humanos.
Depois de uma análise exaustiva das evidências, existe consenso científico de que o vírus Zika é causa de microcefalia e síndrome de Guillain-Barré. Continuam a ser feitos intensos esforços para investigar a ligação entre o vírus Zika e vários distúrbios neurológicos. A ameaça inerente à disseminação do vírus Zika veio alertar a necessidade de reforçar as medidas de controlo das doenças transmitidas por mosquitos a nível europeu, com especial incidência na prevenção, sensibilização da população e controlo do vetor. As principais preocupações centram-se na maior atividade do vetor como consequência de alterações climáticas, na ausência de imunidade da população, a resistência crescente dos vetores aos inseticidas e o intenso movimento populacional entre os países.
The Zika virus is a flavivirus phylogenetically related to the Dengue, Yellow Fever and West Nile viruses. The disease is considered an emerging arbovirus transmitted by the Aedes species mosquitoes. The rapid spread of the virus and its epidemic potential are concerning, especially in areas affected by other arboviruses, due to the difficulty in the differential diagnosis and the overload of health care services. The virus was discovered in 1947 in the Zika forest, in Uganda, when accidentally isolated from a Rhesus monkey that had been used for a study in the Yellow Fever. From its discovery to 2007 there were few confirmed cases of the Zika virus infection in Africa and in Southeast Asia. In 2007, the first large outbreak of the disease was reported from the island chain of Micronesia. Since then, the disease has acquired an epidemic expression in the Pacific Ocean islands and in countries of Latin America. Zika virus is generally transmitted by bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito, the same that transmits Dengue, Chikungunya and Yellow Fever. The role of other ways of virus transmission has been recently confirmed, such as intrauterine and perinatal transmission, sexual contact and blood transfusions. About 80% of infections with Zika virus are asymptomatic. The remain persons’ present acute onset of fever, rash, arthralgia, myalgia, conjunctivitis and headaches. The diagnostic test is using Polymerase Chain Reaction or by the IgG and IgM capture method. The treatment is symptomatic based on relieving fever and pain, hydration and rest. The vaccine is being developed and it is on stage I in the human clinical trial. After an exhaustive evidence analysis, there is scientific consensus that the Zica virus is a cause of microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Intense efforts are still being made as part of a rigorous investigation to discover the link between the Zika virus and multiple neurological disorders. The threat in the rapid spread of the Zika virus has highlighted the need to strengthen measures to control mosquito transmitted diseases in Europe, with focus on prevention, population awareness and vector control. The main concerns are the increased vector activity due to climate change, the absence of population immunity, the increasing resistance of vectors to insecticides and the intense population movement between countries.
The Zika virus is a flavivirus phylogenetically related to the Dengue, Yellow Fever and West Nile viruses. The disease is considered an emerging arbovirus transmitted by the Aedes species mosquitoes. The rapid spread of the virus and its epidemic potential are concerning, especially in areas affected by other arboviruses, due to the difficulty in the differential diagnosis and the overload of health care services. The virus was discovered in 1947 in the Zika forest, in Uganda, when accidentally isolated from a Rhesus monkey that had been used for a study in the Yellow Fever. From its discovery to 2007 there were few confirmed cases of the Zika virus infection in Africa and in Southeast Asia. In 2007, the first large outbreak of the disease was reported from the island chain of Micronesia. Since then, the disease has acquired an epidemic expression in the Pacific Ocean islands and in countries of Latin America. Zika virus is generally transmitted by bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito, the same that transmits Dengue, Chikungunya and Yellow Fever. The role of other ways of virus transmission has been recently confirmed, such as intrauterine and perinatal transmission, sexual contact and blood transfusions. About 80% of infections with Zika virus are asymptomatic. The remain persons’ present acute onset of fever, rash, arthralgia, myalgia, conjunctivitis and headaches. The diagnostic test is using Polymerase Chain Reaction or by the IgG and IgM capture method. The treatment is symptomatic based on relieving fever and pain, hydration and rest. The vaccine is being developed and it is on stage I in the human clinical trial. After an exhaustive evidence analysis, there is scientific consensus that the Zica virus is a cause of microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Intense efforts are still being made as part of a rigorous investigation to discover the link between the Zika virus and multiple neurological disorders. The threat in the rapid spread of the Zika virus has highlighted the need to strengthen measures to control mosquito transmitted diseases in Europe, with focus on prevention, population awareness and vector control. The main concerns are the increased vector activity due to climate change, the absence of population immunity, the increasing resistance of vectors to insecticides and the intense population movement between countries.
Description
Keywords
Doença Emergente Saúde Pública Síndrome Congénita do Zika Síndrome Guillain-Barré Vírus Zika