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Abstract(s)
Um dos maiores desafios para o sucesso de qualquer iniciativa empreendedora e
inovadora, reside em superar as diversas fases de desenvolvimento, o que implica seguir
abordagens ecléticas e evolutivas, que prosseguem, de forma contínua, a adaptabilidade
que assegure, em última instância, o objetivo de atingir o almejado sucesso. Neste
sentido, na literatura de referência têm vindo a ganhar relevância diversas abordagens,
que foram criadas com o propósito de melhor entender a complexidade da realidade
respeitante à multiplicidade de sistemas, à sua coexistência e ao seu ainda pouco
explorado co-funcionamento. Neste campo de investigação, destaca-se a abordagem
recente dos Ecossistemas Empreendedores, a qual tem vindo a ganhar importância nas
áreas de investigação que versam o empreendedorismo, a inovação, a sustentabilidade e
o desenvolvimento regional.
Novas empresas surgem e crescem não apenas porque existem empreendedores
que as criaram e desenvolveram, assim como novas iniciativas empreendedoras e
inovadoras surgem também porque estão co-localizadas num ecossistema
empreendedor formado a partir de uma base de conhecimento sólido, conciliando uma
rede de processos de inovação complementares, assente em múltiplas combinações de
elementos sociais, políticos, geográficos, espaciais, económicos e culturais numa região,
apoiando a ação inventiva e inovadora dos empresários.
É necessário ir mais além da produção de uma lista de atributos dos ecossistemas
empreendedores, através da concretização de esforços adicionais de investigação que
contribuam para uma melhor compreensão dos ecossistemas empreendedores.
Conceber, projetar e analisar ecossistemas, são sinónimos e significa aprofundar
conhecimentos e promover a intersecção eclética de vários ramos do conhecimento,
nomeadamente, engenharia, gestão, economia e ciência regional. Deste modo, a presente
tese prossegue a concretização dos seguintes objetivos genéricos: (i) Realizar uma
revisão sistemática da literatura tendente à apresentação do estado da arte sobre os
Ecossistemas Empreendedores, Inovadores e Sustentáveis (2EIS); (ii) Observar a
estrutura produtiva de Portugal e verificar a relação entre industrialização e
produtividade; (iii) Identificar qual e que tipo de influência a ambidestria e a inovação
aberta tem nos outputs de inovação das empresas industriais da União Europeia (UE) de
média-alta e alta tecnologia, e média-baixa e baixa tecnologia; (iv) Analisar os efeitos
associados das práticas inbound e outbound de inovação aberta e das políticas públicas na eco-inovação das empresas de bioeconomia e não-bioeconomia para países Estados-
Membros da UE, considerados inovadores moderados.
Para atingir os objectivos propostos esta tese desenvolve quatro ensaios. O
primeiro ensaio, consiste na realização de uma revisão sistemática de literatura, fazendo
uso de uma base de dados recolhida na ISI Web of Science, com uma amostra final de
1122 artigos selecionados. Os resultados identificaram o ano em que foi registado o maior
número de publicações, os jornais onde os autores mais publicam, os autores com maior
número de artigos e os artigos mais citados. Inovação aberta, inovação e clusters revelam
ser os veios mais importantes da literatura de referência sobre a temática de
ecossistemas. Para além disso, contribui-se para a literatura, apresentando uma nova
definição de ecossistemas empreendedores, os quais são apresentados como sendo um
conjunto de atores interdependentes e fatores coordenados, a fim de permitir o
empreendedorismo dentro de um determinado território. Esta nova definição tem
implícita a inovação, considerada como reflexo de uma nova ideia e os clusters
originários da concentração espacial das empresas utilizando a inovação aberta que
combinam, intencionalmente, fluxos de conhecimento internos e externos, para acelerar
a inovação interna e a expansão do mercado com o objetivo de utilizar inovações
externas. Adicionalmente, apresentam-se vias de exploração, sob a forma de uma agenda
de investigação futura, no sentido de colmatar as lacunas identificadas na literatura de
referência.
O segundo ensaio analisa a estrutura produtiva de Portugal e verifica a relação
entre industrialização e produtividade. Fazendo uso de alguns instrumentos de análise
da ciência regional, nomeadamente, indicadores de localização e especialização. Para
além disso, é estimado um modelo threshold que testa o efeito da industrialização na
produtividade. Os resultados mostram que as regiões: Alentejo; Algarve; Madeira; e
Açores; denotam um grau de especialização superior no setor primário; ao passo que a
região da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa apresenta um valor superior no setor terciário;
e nas regiões: Centro e Norte; o grau mais elevado é o do setor secundário. Os resultados
ditam uma relação estatisticamente significativa e positiva entre industrialização e
produtividade. De igual modo, a diversificação, o termo de interação entre exportações e
diversificação e as instituições de ensino superior mostram um efeito catalisador na
produtividade.
No terceiro ensaio, é considerada a influência da ambidestria organizacional e a
inovação aberta nos outputs de inovação fazendo uso de dados secundários recolhidos a
partir do Community Innovation Survey- CIS 2010, para uma amostra de 10.890 empresas industriais da União Europeia (EU) de média-alta e alta tecnologia, e 34.839
empresas industriais da União Europeia (EU) de média-baixa e baixa tecnologia. O
modelo conceptual proposto foi testado fazendo uso do método de regressão extreme
value/gompit e, os resultados mostram que quer a ambidestria organizacional quer a
inovação aberta influenciam de forma positiva e significativa os outputs de inovação, ou
seja, a inovação de produto, a inovação de processo, a eco-inovação, a inovação
organizacional e a inovação de marketing.
O quarto ensaio aborda os efeitos das práticas inbound e outbound da inovação
aberta, bem como das políticas públicas sobre o desempenho eco-inovador de empresas
de bioeconomia e não bioeconomia, usando dados secundários do Community
Innovation Survey-CIS 2010, para uma amostra de países inovadores moderados. O
modelo conceptual foi testado fazendo uso do método de regressão tobit multivariado
sendo que as evidências empíricas permitem concluir que as práticas inbound, outbound
e as políticas públicas influenciam de forma positiva e significativa a performance ecoinovadora
das empresas em estudo. Finalmente, a partir dos resultados encontrados
para os ensaios discutiram-se as implicações para as políticas públicas e para os
empresários/gestores.
One of the greatest challenges for the success of any entrepreneurial and innovative initiative consists in overcoming the various stages of development, which implies following eclectic and evolutionary approaches that continuously pursue the adaptability that ultimately ensures the desired success. In this sense, various approaches have been gaining relevance in the reference literature, which were created with the purpose of better understanding the complexity of reality regarding the multiplicity of systems, their coexistence and their still little explored co-functioning. In this field of research, the recent approach to Entrepreneurship Ecosystems has become more important in the areas of research dealing with entrepreneurship, innovation, sustainability, and regional development. New companies emerge and develop not only due to entrepreneurs who have created and grown them, but also because companies are co-located in an entrepreneurial ecosystem funded on a solid knowledge base that embraces a network of complementary innovation processes based on multiple combinations of social, political, geographic, spatial, economic and cultural elements in a region, which support the inventive and innovative action of entrepreneurs. It is necessary to go beyond the production of a list of entrepreneurial ecosystems attributes by undertaking additional research efforts, in order to contributing for an improved understanding on entrepreneurial ecosystems. Conceive, design and analyse ecosystems are synonymous that means in-depth knowledge and promote the eclectic intersection of various branches of knowledge, namely, engineering, management, economics, and regional science. In this way, the present thesis aims to achieve the generic objectives as follows: (i) Carry out a systematic literature review that aims to present the state of the art on Innovative and Sustainable Entrepreneurial Ecosystems (2EIS); (ii) Observe the productive structure of Portugal and verify the relationship between industrialisation and productivity; (iii) Identify what and what kind of influence ambidexterity and open innovation have on the innovation outputs of European Union (EU) industrial companies of medium-high and high technology, and medium-low and low technology; and (iv) Analyse the associated effects of inbound and outbound practices of open innovation and public policies on the eco-innovation of bio- and nonbio- economy firms for EU Member States, considered as moderate innovators. To achieve the proposed objectives this thesis develops four essays. The first essay consists of a systematic literature review, using a database collected at the ISI Web of Science, with a final sample of 1122 selected articles. The results identified the year in which the largest number of publications was registered, the journals where the authors most publish, the authors with the largest number of articles, and the most cited articles. Open innovation, innovation and clusters reveal to be the most important streams of reference literature on ecosystems. In addition, it contributes to the literature by presenting a new definition of entrepreneurial ecosystems, which are presented as a set of interdependent actors and coordinated factors in order to enable entrepreneurship within a given territory. This new definition has implicit innovation, considered as a reflection of a new idea, and clusters originating from the spatial concentration of enterprises using open innovation that intentionally combine internal and external knowledge flows to accelerate internal innovation and market expansion with the aim of using external innovations. In addition, ways for exploration are shown in the form of a future research agenda to fill the gaps identified in the reference literature. The second essay analyses the productive structure of Portugal and verifies the relationship between industrialisation and productivity. It makes use of some instruments of regional science analysis, namely location and specialisation indicators. In addition, a threshold model to test the effect of industrialisation on productivity is estimated. The results show that the regions: Alentejo; Algarve; Madeira; and Azores; show a higher degree of specialisation in the primary sector; while the region of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area shows a higher value in the tertiary sector; and in the regions: Centre and North; the highest degree is the secondary sector. The results indicate a statistically significant and positive relationship between industrialisation and productivity. Similarly, diversification, the interaction between exports and diversification and higher education institutions show a catalytic effect on productivity. The third essay considers the influence of organisational ambidexterity and open innovation on innovation outputs using secondary data collected from the Community Innovation Survey - CIS 2010 for a sample of 10.890 medium-high and high-tech industrial firms in the European Union (EU) and 34.839 medium-low and low-tech industrial firms in the European Union (EU). The proposed conceptual model was tested using the extreme value/gompit regression method and the results show that both organisational ambidexterity and open innovation positively and significantly influence innovation outputs, i.e. product innovation, process innovation, eco-innovation, organisational innovation and marketing innovation.The fourth essay addresses the effects of the inbound and outbound practices of open innovation, as well as of the public policies on the eco-innovative performance of bio- and non-bio-economy firms, using secondary data from the Community Innovation Survey - CIS 2010, for a sample of moderate innovative countries. The conceptual model was tested using the multivariate tobit regression method and empirical evidence suggests that inbound, outbound, and public policy practices positively and significantly influence the eco-innovative performance of the firms under study. Finally, from the essays’ results the implications for public policy and for business/managers are discussed.
One of the greatest challenges for the success of any entrepreneurial and innovative initiative consists in overcoming the various stages of development, which implies following eclectic and evolutionary approaches that continuously pursue the adaptability that ultimately ensures the desired success. In this sense, various approaches have been gaining relevance in the reference literature, which were created with the purpose of better understanding the complexity of reality regarding the multiplicity of systems, their coexistence and their still little explored co-functioning. In this field of research, the recent approach to Entrepreneurship Ecosystems has become more important in the areas of research dealing with entrepreneurship, innovation, sustainability, and regional development. New companies emerge and develop not only due to entrepreneurs who have created and grown them, but also because companies are co-located in an entrepreneurial ecosystem funded on a solid knowledge base that embraces a network of complementary innovation processes based on multiple combinations of social, political, geographic, spatial, economic and cultural elements in a region, which support the inventive and innovative action of entrepreneurs. It is necessary to go beyond the production of a list of entrepreneurial ecosystems attributes by undertaking additional research efforts, in order to contributing for an improved understanding on entrepreneurial ecosystems. Conceive, design and analyse ecosystems are synonymous that means in-depth knowledge and promote the eclectic intersection of various branches of knowledge, namely, engineering, management, economics, and regional science. In this way, the present thesis aims to achieve the generic objectives as follows: (i) Carry out a systematic literature review that aims to present the state of the art on Innovative and Sustainable Entrepreneurial Ecosystems (2EIS); (ii) Observe the productive structure of Portugal and verify the relationship between industrialisation and productivity; (iii) Identify what and what kind of influence ambidexterity and open innovation have on the innovation outputs of European Union (EU) industrial companies of medium-high and high technology, and medium-low and low technology; and (iv) Analyse the associated effects of inbound and outbound practices of open innovation and public policies on the eco-innovation of bio- and nonbio- economy firms for EU Member States, considered as moderate innovators. To achieve the proposed objectives this thesis develops four essays. The first essay consists of a systematic literature review, using a database collected at the ISI Web of Science, with a final sample of 1122 selected articles. The results identified the year in which the largest number of publications was registered, the journals where the authors most publish, the authors with the largest number of articles, and the most cited articles. Open innovation, innovation and clusters reveal to be the most important streams of reference literature on ecosystems. In addition, it contributes to the literature by presenting a new definition of entrepreneurial ecosystems, which are presented as a set of interdependent actors and coordinated factors in order to enable entrepreneurship within a given territory. This new definition has implicit innovation, considered as a reflection of a new idea, and clusters originating from the spatial concentration of enterprises using open innovation that intentionally combine internal and external knowledge flows to accelerate internal innovation and market expansion with the aim of using external innovations. In addition, ways for exploration are shown in the form of a future research agenda to fill the gaps identified in the reference literature. The second essay analyses the productive structure of Portugal and verifies the relationship between industrialisation and productivity. It makes use of some instruments of regional science analysis, namely location and specialisation indicators. In addition, a threshold model to test the effect of industrialisation on productivity is estimated. The results show that the regions: Alentejo; Algarve; Madeira; and Azores; show a higher degree of specialisation in the primary sector; while the region of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area shows a higher value in the tertiary sector; and in the regions: Centre and North; the highest degree is the secondary sector. The results indicate a statistically significant and positive relationship between industrialisation and productivity. Similarly, diversification, the interaction between exports and diversification and higher education institutions show a catalytic effect on productivity. The third essay considers the influence of organisational ambidexterity and open innovation on innovation outputs using secondary data collected from the Community Innovation Survey - CIS 2010 for a sample of 10.890 medium-high and high-tech industrial firms in the European Union (EU) and 34.839 medium-low and low-tech industrial firms in the European Union (EU). The proposed conceptual model was tested using the extreme value/gompit regression method and the results show that both organisational ambidexterity and open innovation positively and significantly influence innovation outputs, i.e. product innovation, process innovation, eco-innovation, organisational innovation and marketing innovation.The fourth essay addresses the effects of the inbound and outbound practices of open innovation, as well as of the public policies on the eco-innovative performance of bio- and non-bio-economy firms, using secondary data from the Community Innovation Survey - CIS 2010, for a sample of moderate innovative countries. The conceptual model was tested using the multivariate tobit regression method and empirical evidence suggests that inbound, outbound, and public policy practices positively and significantly influence the eco-innovative performance of the firms under study. Finally, from the essays’ results the implications for public policy and for business/managers are discussed.
Description
Keywords
Ecossistemas Empreendedores Concentração Espacial Especialização Setorial Ambidestria Inovação Inovação aberta Eco-inovação Performance