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Abstract(s)
A prevalência de doenças de etiologia alérgica (asma, rinite e eczema) tem vindo a aumentar nas últimas décadas. Diversos fatores de risco têm sido associados a este aumento sendo as alterações climáticas, a poluição (outdoor e indoor) dois dos fatores cuja influência tem sido objeto de estudo. Sendo a Cova de Beira uma região com elevados níveis de alergénios, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de doenças de etiologia alérgica auto-reportadas (asma, rinite alérgica e eczema) e fatores de risco associados nos alunos que frequentaram pela primeira vez um curso da Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde (FCS) da Universidade da Beira Interior (UBI) no ano letivo 2015/2016. Após o recrutamento, os voluntários que aceitaram participar no estudo assinaram uma declaração de consentimento informado, responderam a um questionário, adaptado do questionário utilizado no estudo ISAAC e previamente validado para língua portuguesa e foram-lhes realizados testes cutâneos tendo sido utilizada uma bateria de 22 alergénios (simples ou combinados) próxima do painel apresentado no European Standards. Os dados foram verificados quanto à distribuição normal pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. A não normalidade dos dados levou a que toda a análise fosse realizada recorrendo a testes não paramétricos. Os dados obtidos foram estudados com base nas frequências relativas e absolutas de cada variável. Para estudar a associação entre as diversas variáveis utilizou-se o teste do Chi-Quadrado e o cálculo do risco relativo. Um valor p inferior a 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Para o risco relativo considerou-se que valores superiores a 1 representariam um fator de risco e valores inferiores a 1 seriam um fator protetor. No que concerne a prevalência de doenças auto-reportadas o presente estudo observou que 21,7% da população tinha asma, 57,1% rinite alérgica e 26,9% eczema. Apenas para a rinite alérgica se encontrou uma diferença estatisticamente significativa para as prevalências do sexo masculino (40,6%) e do sexo feminino (60,8%). Ao estudar-se a prevalência de duas ou mais patologias em simultâneo verificou-se que 17,1% da população estudada reportava asma e rinite, 8,6% asma e eczema, 22,3% rinite e eczema e 7,4% as três patologias (asma, rinite e eczema). Apenas para a presença de rinite e eczema em simultâneo foi possível observar uma diferença estatisticamente significativa para a prevalência no sexo masculino (9,1%) e no sexo feminino (25,2%). Para avaliar os fatores de risco recorreu-se ao cálculo do risco relativo. Assim o presente estudo sugere que os passatempos como a jardinagem podem ser um fator de risco para a asma e rinite, os passatempos de ar livre como as caminhadas fator de risco para a rinite e eczema, a residência urbana como fator de risco para as três patologias (asma, rinite alérgica e eczema), a presença de alcatifas na habitação como fator de risco para rinite e a existência de fungos e bolores como fator de risco para rinite e eczema. A avaliação da presença de animais sugere o cão como fator de risco para rinite, os pássaros para rinite e eczema e o gato para as três patologias (asma, rinite alérgica e eczema). Quanto ao tabagismo, os resultados apontam para o tabagismo ativo como fator de risco para asma e eczema e o tabagismo passivo para eczema. Ao avaliar-se o fator de risco genético (existência de patologia alérgica nos familiares diretos) o presente estudo sugere que a existência de antecedentes familiares de doença alérgica constitui um fator de risco para as três patologias. Desta forma, apesar de os resultados obtidos apontarem na mesma direção de resultados publicados em outros estudos, não é possível conclui-los como definitivos face à não significância estatística dos mesmos.
The prevalence of allergic diseases (asthma, rhinitis and eczema) has been increasing in the last decades. Several risk factors have been associated with this increase being climate change, pollution (outdoor and indoor) two of the factors whose influence has been studied. As Cova de Beira is a region with high levels of allergens, the present study aims to evaluate the prevalence of self-reported allergic diseases (asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema) and associated risk factors in new students of any course of the Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS) of the University of Beira Interior (UBI) in the academic year 2015/2016. After the recruitment, the volunteers who accepted to participate in the study signed an informed consent, answered a questionnaire adapted from the questionnaire used in the ISAAC study and previously validated into the Portuguese language and skin tests were performed using a battery of 22 allergens (simple or combined) next to the panel presented in the European Standards. The data were checked for normal distribution by the Kolmogorov test. The non-normality of the data have led to the entire analysis being carried out using non-parametric tests. The data obtained were studied based on the relative and absolute frequencies of each variable. To study the association between the various variables, the Chi-Square test and the relative risk calculation were used. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. For the relative risk it was considered that values greater than 1 would represent a risk factor and values lower than 1 would be a protective factor. Regarding the prevalence of self-reported diseases, the present study found that 21.7% of the population had asthma, 57.1% had allergic rhinitis and 26.9% had eczema. Only for allergic rhinitis was a statistically significant difference found for prevalence’s of males (40.6%) and females (60.8%). When studying the prevalence of two or more pathologies simultaneously, it was verified that 17.1% of the studied population reported asthma and rhinitis, 8.6% asthma and eczema, 22.3% as rhinitis and eczema, 7.4% the three pathologies (asthma, rhinitis and eczema). Only for the presence of rhinitis and eczema simultaneously was it possible to conclude a statistically significant difference for prevalence in males (9.1%) and females (25.2%). To evaluate the risk factors, the relative risk was calculated. Thus the present study suggest that Outdoor 2 hobbies like gardening may be a risk factor for asthma and rhinitis, and hobbies like outdoor walks may be a risk factor for rhinitis and eczema pathologies, urban residence as a risk factor for the three pathologies (asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema), the presence of carpets in the house as a risk factor for rhinitis and the existence of fungi and mold as a risk factor for rhinitis and eczema. The evaluation of the presence of animals suggests the dog as a risk factor for rhinitis, birds for rhinitis and eczema and the cat for the three pathologies (asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema). With regard to smoking, the results point to active smoking as a risk factor for asthma and eczema and passive smoking for eczema. When assessing the genetic risk factor (presence of allergically pathology in direct relatives, the present study suggests that the existence of a family history of allergic disease is a risk factor for the three pathologies. Thus, although the results obtained point in the same direction as results published in other studies, it is not possible to conclude them as definitive in the absence of statistical significance. The reason for this is mainly the fact that the the final population sample was not representative.
The prevalence of allergic diseases (asthma, rhinitis and eczema) has been increasing in the last decades. Several risk factors have been associated with this increase being climate change, pollution (outdoor and indoor) two of the factors whose influence has been studied. As Cova de Beira is a region with high levels of allergens, the present study aims to evaluate the prevalence of self-reported allergic diseases (asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema) and associated risk factors in new students of any course of the Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS) of the University of Beira Interior (UBI) in the academic year 2015/2016. After the recruitment, the volunteers who accepted to participate in the study signed an informed consent, answered a questionnaire adapted from the questionnaire used in the ISAAC study and previously validated into the Portuguese language and skin tests were performed using a battery of 22 allergens (simple or combined) next to the panel presented in the European Standards. The data were checked for normal distribution by the Kolmogorov test. The non-normality of the data have led to the entire analysis being carried out using non-parametric tests. The data obtained were studied based on the relative and absolute frequencies of each variable. To study the association between the various variables, the Chi-Square test and the relative risk calculation were used. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. For the relative risk it was considered that values greater than 1 would represent a risk factor and values lower than 1 would be a protective factor. Regarding the prevalence of self-reported diseases, the present study found that 21.7% of the population had asthma, 57.1% had allergic rhinitis and 26.9% had eczema. Only for allergic rhinitis was a statistically significant difference found for prevalence’s of males (40.6%) and females (60.8%). When studying the prevalence of two or more pathologies simultaneously, it was verified that 17.1% of the studied population reported asthma and rhinitis, 8.6% asthma and eczema, 22.3% as rhinitis and eczema, 7.4% the three pathologies (asthma, rhinitis and eczema). Only for the presence of rhinitis and eczema simultaneously was it possible to conclude a statistically significant difference for prevalence in males (9.1%) and females (25.2%). To evaluate the risk factors, the relative risk was calculated. Thus the present study suggest that Outdoor 2 hobbies like gardening may be a risk factor for asthma and rhinitis, and hobbies like outdoor walks may be a risk factor for rhinitis and eczema pathologies, urban residence as a risk factor for the three pathologies (asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema), the presence of carpets in the house as a risk factor for rhinitis and the existence of fungi and mold as a risk factor for rhinitis and eczema. The evaluation of the presence of animals suggests the dog as a risk factor for rhinitis, birds for rhinitis and eczema and the cat for the three pathologies (asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema). With regard to smoking, the results point to active smoking as a risk factor for asthma and eczema and passive smoking for eczema. When assessing the genetic risk factor (presence of allergically pathology in direct relatives, the present study suggests that the existence of a family history of allergic disease is a risk factor for the three pathologies. Thus, although the results obtained point in the same direction as results published in other studies, it is not possible to conclude them as definitive in the absence of statistical significance. The reason for this is mainly the fact that the the final population sample was not representative.
Description
Keywords
Alergénios Asma Eczema Fatores de Risco Prevalência Rinite Alérgica Testes Cutâneos