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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Introdução: O leite materno é constituído por numerosos componentes com funções imunomoduladoras que não podem ser sintetizados industrialmente e incorporados no leite artificial. Para além das moléculas, existem no leite materno muitas células vivas, tais como macrófagos, linfócitos e células estaminais. Os efeitos imunológicos do aleitamento materno fazem sentir-se não só na infância mas também na idade adulta e observam-se não só no lactente mas também na mulher que amamenta.
Objetivos: Revisão da evidência científica sobre os aspetos imunológicos inerentes ao aleitamento materno e sua relevância para a saúde do lactente e da mulher que amamenta.
Metodologia: Utilizando as palavras-chave “breastmilk”, “immunology”, “breastfeeding” e “immunity”, foram pesquisados artigos científicos nas bases de dados PubMed, UpToDate, NHS e ResearchGate. Foi também efetuada pesquisa em livros de texto sobre o tema. Revisão efetuada de outubro de 2014 a fevereiro de 2015.
Resultados e Discussão: O leite materno é recomendado por várias entidades como a American Academy of Pediatrics durante os primeiros seis meses de vida do lactente, em exclusivo, e por pelo menos até aos doze meses de vida ou mais. Do leite materno fazem partem elementos bioativos que, comprovadamente, protegem contra infeções e inflamação e contribuem para a maturação do sistema imunológico, para o desenvolvimento dos órgãos e para a saudável colonização microbiana do lactente. Existem evidências científicas que sustentam os benefícios a curto e longo prazo do aleitamento, nomeadamente ao nível da redução de incidência de doenças gastrointestinais, infeções do trato respiratório superior e inferior, doenças alérgicas, neoplasias infantis e doenças crónicas. Verifica-se uma menor incidência, na idade adulta, de doenças imunologicamente mediadas tais como a asma, diabetes mellitus tipo 1 e a esclerose múltipla, em crianças que foram amamentadas. Para a mulher que amamenta, o aleitamento materno confere também proteção para doenças mediadas imunologicamente, tais como a artrite reumatoide, bem como benefícios de saúde, ao diminuir o risco de osteoporose, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, doenças cardiovasculares, hipertensão, hiperlipidémia e neoplasias da mama e do ovário.
Introduction: Breast milk is composed of numerous components with immunomodulatory functions that cannot be industrially synthesized and incorporated into formula milk. In addition to the molecules, there are in breast milk many living cells, such as macrophages, lymphocytes and stem cells. The immunological effects of breastfeeding are felt not only in childhood but also in adulthood and are observed not only in infants but also in breastfeeding woman. Objetives: To review the scientific evidence on the immunological aspects of breastfeeding and its relevance on the health of infants and breastfeeding woman. Methodology: Using the keywords "breastmilk", "Immunology", "breastfeeding" and "immunity", were searched scientific articles in the databases PubMed, UpToDate, NHS and ResearchGate. It was also made a review in text books about the subject. The review was carried out from October 2014 to February 2015. Results and Discussion: Breast milk is recommended by several organizations such as the American Academy of Pediatrics for the first six months of life the infant, as exclusive breastfeeding, and at least until the twelve months of age or older. Breast milk contains bioactive elements that are proven to protect against infection and inflammation and contribute to the maturation of the immune system, for the development of organs and healthy microbial colonization of the infant. There is scientific evidence supporting the benefits in the short and long-term breastfeeding, particularly in terms of reduction of incidence of gastrointestinal diseases, upper and lower respiratory tract infections, allergic diseases, children's cancers and chronic diseases. There is a lower incidence in adulthood, in immune-mediated diseases such as asthma, type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis in children who were breastfed. For the breastfeeding woman, breastfeeding also provides protection for immunologically-mediated diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, as well as health benefits by reducing the risk of osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and neoplasms Breast and ovarian cancer.
Introduction: Breast milk is composed of numerous components with immunomodulatory functions that cannot be industrially synthesized and incorporated into formula milk. In addition to the molecules, there are in breast milk many living cells, such as macrophages, lymphocytes and stem cells. The immunological effects of breastfeeding are felt not only in childhood but also in adulthood and are observed not only in infants but also in breastfeeding woman. Objetives: To review the scientific evidence on the immunological aspects of breastfeeding and its relevance on the health of infants and breastfeeding woman. Methodology: Using the keywords "breastmilk", "Immunology", "breastfeeding" and "immunity", were searched scientific articles in the databases PubMed, UpToDate, NHS and ResearchGate. It was also made a review in text books about the subject. The review was carried out from October 2014 to February 2015. Results and Discussion: Breast milk is recommended by several organizations such as the American Academy of Pediatrics for the first six months of life the infant, as exclusive breastfeeding, and at least until the twelve months of age or older. Breast milk contains bioactive elements that are proven to protect against infection and inflammation and contribute to the maturation of the immune system, for the development of organs and healthy microbial colonization of the infant. There is scientific evidence supporting the benefits in the short and long-term breastfeeding, particularly in terms of reduction of incidence of gastrointestinal diseases, upper and lower respiratory tract infections, allergic diseases, children's cancers and chronic diseases. There is a lower incidence in adulthood, in immune-mediated diseases such as asthma, type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis in children who were breastfed. For the breastfeeding woman, breastfeeding also provides protection for immunologically-mediated diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, as well as health benefits by reducing the risk of osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and neoplasms Breast and ovarian cancer.
Description
Keywords
Breastfeeding Breastmilk Immunity Immunology