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Authors
Abstract(s)
Introdução: Atualmente, ainda persiste muita controvérsia acerca da “depressão relacionada
com a menopausa” e, inclusive, muitos estudos têm sido divergentes. Tal deve-se,
essencialmente, a limitações metodológicas, tais como diferenças no desenho dos estudos,
utilização de diferentes ferramentas de rastreio de sintomatologia depressiva, sobreposição de
sintomatologia depressiva e sintomatologia típica da pós-menopausa e falta de consideração de
circunstâncias que podem, até mais do que os fatores hormonais per se, potenciar o
desenvolvimento de sintomatologia depressiva nesta etapa da vida da mulher, tais como
condições médicas, mudança no papel social (reforma), falecimento de entes queridos ou
sensação de “ninho vazio”.
Objetivos: Aferir se a pós-menopausa é per se, através de manifestações clínicas decorrentes
do declínio estrogénico (perturbações do sono ou sintomas vasomotores), um fator
predisponente ao desenvolvimento de sintomatologia depressiva, assim como averiguar a
importância de outros fatores descritos na literatura considerados como protetores (suporte
emocional ou envolvimento em atividades lúdicas) ou como predisponentes (antecedentes
psiquiátricos ou eventos adversos recentes) para a mesma.
Métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo e correlacional realizado no ACeS Cova da Beira. Foi
obtida uma amostra constituída por 125 elementos do sexo feminino, com idades
compreendidas entre os 55 e os 75 anos e que se encontravam na pós-menopausa. Cada
participante preencheu, simultaneamente, uma escala de rastreio de sintomatologia
depressiva, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), e um questionário que
incluía vários fatores descritos na literatura como protetores ou predisponentes ao
desenvolvimento de sintomatologia depressiva. O tratamento e análise dos dados fez-se com
recurso ao software estatístico SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) versão 22.
Resultados: Quando analisados todos os fatores predisponentes simultaneamente, apenas as
perturbações do sono e os eventos de vida adversos recentes predispunham ao desenvolvimento
de sintomatologia depressiva. Por outro lado, ao analisar concomitantemente os fatores
protetores, o suporte emocional, a satisfação sexual e as atividades extraprofissionais lúdicas
eram os únicos que protegiam as mulheres de sintomatologia depressiva.
Discussão e Conclusões: Considerando o défice estrogénico como a causa dos distúrbios do
sono em algumas mulheres pós-menopáusicas, podemos concluir que a menopausa é per se um
fator predisponente a sintomatologia depressiva. Contudo, sendo este um estudo transversal
que não acompanha a transição das mulheres pelos diferentes status menopáusicos nem
quantifica a sintomatologia depressiva ao longo dos mesmos, e desconhecendo quer a qualidade
do sono das mulheres nos outros períodos reprodutivos quer a verdadeira influência da pós-menopausa nos distúrbios deste, não foi possível demonstrar que a menopausa seja um fator
de risco para o desenvolvimento de sintomatologia depressiva.
Introduction: Currently, there is still a lot of controversy about the “depression related to menopause” and, in fact, many studies have been divergent. This is due, essentially, to methodological restrictions, such as differences in studies´ design, use of different and inadequate screening tools for depressive symptoms, overlap of depressive symptoms and typical postmenopausal symptoms and lack of consideration for circumstances that may, even more than hormonal factors per se, enhance the development of depressive symptoms at this stage of woman's life, like medical conditions, changes in social role (retirement), death of loved ones or empty nest. Aim: To assess whether post-menopause is per se, through clinical manifestations of estrogenic decline (sleep disturbances or vasomotor symptoms), a predisposing factor to the development of depressive symptoms, as well as verify the importance of other factors described in the literature as protective (emotional support or involvement in recreational activities) or predisposing (psychiatric background or recent adverse events) to it. Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive and correlational study carried out at ACeS Cova da Beira. A sample was obtained, consisting of 125 female elements, aged between 55 and 75 years old and who were in post-menopause. Each participant filled out, simultaneously, a screening scale for depressive symptomatology, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and a questionnaire that included several factors described in the literature as protective or predisposing to the development of depressive symptoms. Data treatment and analysis were performed using the statistical software SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 22. Results: When all the predisposing factors were analyzed simultaneously, only the sleep disturbances and the recent adverse life events predisposed to the development of depressive symptomatology. On the other hand, analyzing concomitantly the protective factors, emotional support, sexual satisfaction and the recreational extra-professional activities were the only ones that protected women from depressive symptoms. Discussion and Conclusions: Considering post-menopause (ie, estrogen deficit) as the cause of sleep disturbances in some women in this period, we can conclude that it is per se a predisposing factor to depressive symptomatology. However, being this a cross-sectional study that does not follow the transition of women through the different menopausal status nor does it quantify depressive symptoms over the same, and not knowing the quality of sleep of women in other menopausal periods or the real influence of post-menopause on its disturbances, it is not possible to establish a reliable conclusion about the impact of post-menopause alone in the development of depressive symptoms.
Introduction: Currently, there is still a lot of controversy about the “depression related to menopause” and, in fact, many studies have been divergent. This is due, essentially, to methodological restrictions, such as differences in studies´ design, use of different and inadequate screening tools for depressive symptoms, overlap of depressive symptoms and typical postmenopausal symptoms and lack of consideration for circumstances that may, even more than hormonal factors per se, enhance the development of depressive symptoms at this stage of woman's life, like medical conditions, changes in social role (retirement), death of loved ones or empty nest. Aim: To assess whether post-menopause is per se, through clinical manifestations of estrogenic decline (sleep disturbances or vasomotor symptoms), a predisposing factor to the development of depressive symptoms, as well as verify the importance of other factors described in the literature as protective (emotional support or involvement in recreational activities) or predisposing (psychiatric background or recent adverse events) to it. Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive and correlational study carried out at ACeS Cova da Beira. A sample was obtained, consisting of 125 female elements, aged between 55 and 75 years old and who were in post-menopause. Each participant filled out, simultaneously, a screening scale for depressive symptomatology, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and a questionnaire that included several factors described in the literature as protective or predisposing to the development of depressive symptoms. Data treatment and analysis were performed using the statistical software SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 22. Results: When all the predisposing factors were analyzed simultaneously, only the sleep disturbances and the recent adverse life events predisposed to the development of depressive symptomatology. On the other hand, analyzing concomitantly the protective factors, emotional support, sexual satisfaction and the recreational extra-professional activities were the only ones that protected women from depressive symptoms. Discussion and Conclusions: Considering post-menopause (ie, estrogen deficit) as the cause of sleep disturbances in some women in this period, we can conclude that it is per se a predisposing factor to depressive symptomatology. However, being this a cross-sectional study that does not follow the transition of women through the different menopausal status nor does it quantify depressive symptoms over the same, and not knowing the quality of sleep of women in other menopausal periods or the real influence of post-menopause on its disturbances, it is not possible to establish a reliable conclusion about the impact of post-menopause alone in the development of depressive symptoms.
Description
Keywords
Depressão Escala Ces-D Fatores Predisponentes Fatores Protetores Menopausa