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Abstract(s)
O aleitamento materno é um acto natural e fisiológico, bem como uma arte feminina cujas práticas e conhecimentos passam de geração em geração. Apesar de cada vez mais valorizado e aconselhado, o aleitamento materno ainda não é uma prática universal. A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) recomenda o aleitamento materno exclusivo até aos seis meses. A partir dessa idade, a OMS preconiza a introdução de alimentos complementares e a manutenção do aleitamento materno até, pelo menos, aos 24 meses. Existem múltiplas razões para que as mães interrompam o aleitamento aos seus filhos, no entanto, a sua promoção, protecção e apoio relevam directamente no domínio dos direitos humanos. Ao longo desta dissertação elabora-se uma síntese dos factos históricos mais importantes e evidencia-se a real importância do aleitamento materno e das técnicas disponíveis para o restabelecimento da produção de leite depois de uma situação de desmame precoce – relactação e lactação induzida. São temas pouco divulgados nos curricula do ensino médico e nos hospitais apesar de existir uma ampla investigação sobre estes.
A relactação é o processo pelo qual a glândula mamária é estimulada para produzir leite numa mulher que esteve grávida e que, por várias razões, não tem ou deixou de ter capacidade de produzir leite suficiente para amamentar o seu filho. Este processo não depende do facto da mulher ter tido uma gravidez de termo, nem de ter amamentado ou não filhos anteriores. Por outro lado, na lactação induzida estimula-se a produção láctea na mulher que deseja amamentar uma criança que não foi por si concebida, como é o exemplo da adopção. Estes processos envolvem questões que exigem do profissional capacidade de aconselhamento e profundo conhecimento da anatomia, da fisiologia, da farmacologia e das patologias relacionadas com a lactação que possam interferir no sucesso destas técnicas. A revisão bibliográfica foi a metodologia utilizada para esta dissertação e teve como objectivo avaliar o actual “estado de arte” do aleitamento materno, assim como realçar a importância desta prática para o lactente, para a mãe e para a própria sociedade.
Breastfeeding is a natural and physiological act, as well as a female form of art whose practices and knowledge pass from generation to generation. Despite increasingly valued and advised, breastfeeding is still not a universal practice. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding up to six months. From that age, the WHO recommends the introduction of complementary food and maintenance of breastfeeding until at least 24 months. There are many reasons for the mother to interrupt breastfeeding their children, however, its promotion, protection and support are directly related to human rights. This dissertation includes a summary of the most important historical facts and shows the real importance of breastfeeding and, along with the techniques available for the restoration of milk production after a situation of early weaning - relactation and induced lactation. These are issues little released in the curricula of medical schools and hospitals although there is a broad research on them. Relactation is the process through which the mammary gland is stimulated to produce milk in a pregnant woman who for various reasons has not or no longer the capacity to produce milk to breastfeed her child. This process does not depend on whether the woman had a pregnancy to term, or not, or had breastfed earlier, or not. Furthermore, in induced lactation there is a stimulation of milk production in women who wish to breastfeed children who were not conceived by them, in such case as adoption. These cases involve issues that require professionals to have capacity of advice and deep knowledge of anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and diseases related to lactation which could interfere in the success of these techniques. Literature review was the methodology used for this dissertation and aimed to assess the current "state of art" of breastfeeding, as well as highlight the importance of this practice for the infant, the mother and for society itself.
Breastfeeding is a natural and physiological act, as well as a female form of art whose practices and knowledge pass from generation to generation. Despite increasingly valued and advised, breastfeeding is still not a universal practice. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding up to six months. From that age, the WHO recommends the introduction of complementary food and maintenance of breastfeeding until at least 24 months. There are many reasons for the mother to interrupt breastfeeding their children, however, its promotion, protection and support are directly related to human rights. This dissertation includes a summary of the most important historical facts and shows the real importance of breastfeeding and, along with the techniques available for the restoration of milk production after a situation of early weaning - relactation and induced lactation. These are issues little released in the curricula of medical schools and hospitals although there is a broad research on them. Relactation is the process through which the mammary gland is stimulated to produce milk in a pregnant woman who for various reasons has not or no longer the capacity to produce milk to breastfeed her child. This process does not depend on whether the woman had a pregnancy to term, or not, or had breastfed earlier, or not. Furthermore, in induced lactation there is a stimulation of milk production in women who wish to breastfeed children who were not conceived by them, in such case as adoption. These cases involve issues that require professionals to have capacity of advice and deep knowledge of anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and diseases related to lactation which could interfere in the success of these techniques. Literature review was the methodology used for this dissertation and aimed to assess the current "state of art" of breastfeeding, as well as highlight the importance of this practice for the infant, the mother and for society itself.
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Keywords
Aleitamento materno Lactação induzida Relactação Lactação - Aspectos fisiológicos Aleitamento materno - Vantagens
Citation
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Universidade da Beira Interior