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Metamorfoses da rivalidade mimética: Uma leitura atualizante de René Girard
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A investigação aqui desenvolvida recorre à teoria mimética de René Girard e visa reconhecer o nexo existente entre a violência e o desejo nas sociedades contemporâneas. Estas sociedades, ao contrário das sociedades tradicionais do passado, apresentam-nos o sacrifício cruento como ilegítimo, dando lugar a uma violência política que revela hoje, ainda assim, possíveis ligações às estruturas arcaicas do passado. Porém, a violência dita geradora de sentido é hoje praticamente inexistente e encontra-se agravada pela inexistência de estruturas que a dotem de sentido. Existe portanto o que Girard diz ser uma efusão de novos desejos à escala mundial e que coloca o Homem num novo paradigma, distinto daquele que existia no passado. O homem encontra-se hoje, na sua vida social e política, perante uma crise antropológica fundamental, graças à tomada de consciência das estruturas que o regulam. Deste modo, ao tentar ainda dar coesão às estruturas sociais, cada vez mais individuais, como forma de manter a existência de diferenças que regulamentam a sociedade, o Homem dá conta da crise que atravessa. O nosso estudo tem como operador a teoria mimética de René Girard, estabelecendo uma ligação das noções presentes nesta teoria com a filosofia política. É com a publicação da sua última obra Battling to the End que Girard entra pela primeira vez no campo da filosofia política e das noções de violência política, exportação da violência, mediação interna à escala mundial, que são um novo desafio para o pensamento político atual. A teoria mimética, ainda que na sua génese não seja uma teoria política, ganha progressivamente voz no campo da filosofia política ao tratar Clausewitz nesta última obra mas, também, por se constituir como uma chave de leitura para a teoria política, como se lê em autores como Paul Dumouchel, Jean-Pierre Dupuy, Eric Gans, entre outros. A violência política e a exportação da violência, por exemplo, demonstram que a teoria mimética possibilita trazer concetualmente algo de novo ao campo do atual pensamento político. Damos progressivamente conta de que esta violência, distinta da das comunidades arcaicas mas ainda marcada por estas, apresenta um caráter particularmente novo — a sua imprevisibilidade — além de um novo tipo que escapa a qualquer forma estruturada — o terrorismo. Girard, ao dar-nos conta da imprevisibilidade, convoca-nos a refletir sobre o modo como a violência permeia quase todos os meandros da vida social. Socorrendo-nos assim de vários autores da filosofia política, apresentaremos algumas das linhas possíveis de diálogo acerca desta face imprevisível que a violência — supostamente — não tinha no passado.
This research refers to René Girard´s mimetic theory and aims to recognize the link between violence and desire in the contemporary societies. These societies, unlike traditional societies of the past, present us bloody sacrifice as illegitimate, leading to a political violence that reveals still today, potential links to the archaic structures of the past. However, the socalled “purpose generating violence” is now virtually non-existent and is exacerbated by the lack of structures able to give it a purpose. There is, therefore, what Girard declares to be an expression of new desires, worldwide, and which leads men to a new paradigm, different from that which existed in the past. Today, men are, in their social and political life, facing a fundamental anthropological crisis; this is due to the increased awareness of the structures that rule them. Thus, Man, by trying to even give any cohesion to social structures, which are increasingly more individualistic, in order to maintain the existence of distinctions governing society, realizes the crisis that is facing. Our study has as operative element of René Girard´s mimetic theory, linking these theory´s concepts to political philosophy. With the publication of his last book, Battling to the End, Girard enters, for the first time, the field of political philosophy and notion of political violence, exporting violence and internal mediation worldwide, which are a new challenge for the current political thought. Mimetic theory, although in its genesis is not a political theory, will gradually take voice in the field of political philosophy when dealt with by Clausewitz in this last work, but also because it became a key to reading political theory, as can be read in the works by authors such as Paul Dumouchel, Jean-Pierre Dupuy and Eric Gans, among others. Political violence and the exportation of violence, for example, demonstrate that the mimetic theory conceptually brings something new to the field of current political thought. We, therefore, realize that current violence, distinct from the archaic communities but still marked by those, has a particularly new character - its unpredictability — as well as a new type that discharges any structured form — terrorism. Girard, by raising awareness of this unpredictability, demands us to reflect on how violence permeates almost all the intricacies of social life. With the support of several authors of political philosophy, we will reveal some of the potential forums of discussion about this unpredictable expression that violence — allegedly — did not have in the past.
This research refers to René Girard´s mimetic theory and aims to recognize the link between violence and desire in the contemporary societies. These societies, unlike traditional societies of the past, present us bloody sacrifice as illegitimate, leading to a political violence that reveals still today, potential links to the archaic structures of the past. However, the socalled “purpose generating violence” is now virtually non-existent and is exacerbated by the lack of structures able to give it a purpose. There is, therefore, what Girard declares to be an expression of new desires, worldwide, and which leads men to a new paradigm, different from that which existed in the past. Today, men are, in their social and political life, facing a fundamental anthropological crisis; this is due to the increased awareness of the structures that rule them. Thus, Man, by trying to even give any cohesion to social structures, which are increasingly more individualistic, in order to maintain the existence of distinctions governing society, realizes the crisis that is facing. Our study has as operative element of René Girard´s mimetic theory, linking these theory´s concepts to political philosophy. With the publication of his last book, Battling to the End, Girard enters, for the first time, the field of political philosophy and notion of political violence, exporting violence and internal mediation worldwide, which are a new challenge for the current political thought. Mimetic theory, although in its genesis is not a political theory, will gradually take voice in the field of political philosophy when dealt with by Clausewitz in this last work, but also because it became a key to reading political theory, as can be read in the works by authors such as Paul Dumouchel, Jean-Pierre Dupuy and Eric Gans, among others. Political violence and the exportation of violence, for example, demonstrate that the mimetic theory conceptually brings something new to the field of current political thought. We, therefore, realize that current violence, distinct from the archaic communities but still marked by those, has a particularly new character - its unpredictability — as well as a new type that discharges any structured form — terrorism. Girard, by raising awareness of this unpredictability, demands us to reflect on how violence permeates almost all the intricacies of social life. With the support of several authors of political philosophy, we will reveal some of the potential forums of discussion about this unpredictable expression that violence — allegedly — did not have in the past.
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Teoria Mimética René Girard Violência Terrorismo Antropologia Cultural