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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
A lesão do ligamento cruzado anterior é uma lesão séria, traumática, frequente e dispendiosa, com repercussões a nível desportivo. Seja qual for a terapia escolhida, conservadora ou reconstrutiva, os atletas são frequentemente forçados a reduzir o nível de atividade de física e a restringir o seu envolvimento no desporto. Entre 50 e 80% das LLCA ocorre por não-contacto, o que sugere que uma grande percentagem destas LLCA pode ser prevenida.
Esta monografia pretende debruçar-se sobre a investigação relativa à prevenção da primeira LLCA por não-contacto em atletas do sexo masculino e tem como objetivos procurar: 1) identificar os fatores de risco consensuais e os fatores de risco potenciais; 2) verificar os mecanismos de lesão; 3) indagar que medidas preventivas foram estudadas e os respetivos resultados; 4) apurar a aplicabilidade de programas preventivos tentando responder à questão: “Quando, como e a quem?”; 5) cogitar novas investigações que visem esclarecer os objetivos prévios.
Após uma pesquisa realizada na plataforma Pubmed.gov, foi efetuada uma revisão sistemática da bibliografia. Verificou-se que uma grande percentagem dos resultados da pesquisa dizia respeito a estudos realizados apenas em atletas do sexo feminino, sendo escassos os que estudaram apenas atletas do sexo masculino.
Verificou-se que os mecanismos de lesão do ligamento cruzado anterior por não-contacto parecem variar consoante o desporto em questão. No caso do futebol e do ski, estes mecanismos estão já bastante estudados. Noutros desportos as investigações estão ainda a dar os primeiros passos. Diversos fatores de risco foram identificados. Os fatores de risco intrínsecos podem ser modificáveis, principalmente os biomecânicos e neuromusculares, e representar um papel na prevenção da lesão. Os programas preventivos mais eficazes parecem englobar treino neuromuscular, treino de força, exercícios de equilíbrio e treino pliométrico, e devem ser realizados pelo menos uma vez por semana ao longo de um mínimo de seis semanas. A altura mais indicada para se iniciar a prevenção parece ser entre os 12 e os 14 anos de idade.
Concluiu-se que é necessário o desenvolvimento de investigações futuras de forma a se alcançar um conhecimento mais preciso e sustentado sobre os mecanismos de lesão, fatores de risco e métodos preventivos da lesão do ligamento cruzado anterior por não-contacto em atletas do sexo masculino.
The anterior cruciate ligament injury is a serious, traumatic, frequent and costly injury, with consequences to athletes. Besides the chosen therapy, conservative or reconstructive, the athletes are frequently forced to reduce their physical activity and their participation in sport. Between 50 and 80% of anterior cruciate ligament injuries happen by a non-contact mechanism, which suggests that a great amount of these injuries could be prevented. This monograph pretends to lean over the investigation relative to the prevention of a first anterior cruciate ligament non-contact injury in male athletes, and has the objectives of trying to: 1) identify the consensual risk factors and the potential risk factors; 2) verify the mechanisms of injury; 3) investigate preventive measures already studied and the respective results; 4) find the applicability of preventive programs trying to answer to the question: “When, how and to whom?”; 5) think about future investigations that can clarify the previous objectives. After a search realized at the Pubmed.gov platform it was done a systematic review of the bibliography. A big percentage of the search results were related do studies realized only to female athletes. Only few studied male athletes. The injury mechanisms of the non-contact anterior cruciate ligament can vary between sports. These mechanisms are already well studied in some sports like football and ski. However, in other sports the investigations are just beginning. Several risk factors were already identified. The intrinsic risk factors can be modified, mainly the bio-mechanic and neuromuscular ones, and can take a role in injury prevention. The most efficient preventive programs seem to include neuromuscular training, strength training, balancing exercises and pliometric training, and should take part at least one time a week for a minimum of six weeks. The best occasion to start the prevention seems to be between the 12 and 14 years old. In summary, further investigations are needed in order to achieve a more sustained and accurate knowledge about the mechanism of injury, risk factors, and prevention methods of the non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury in the male athlete.
The anterior cruciate ligament injury is a serious, traumatic, frequent and costly injury, with consequences to athletes. Besides the chosen therapy, conservative or reconstructive, the athletes are frequently forced to reduce their physical activity and their participation in sport. Between 50 and 80% of anterior cruciate ligament injuries happen by a non-contact mechanism, which suggests that a great amount of these injuries could be prevented. This monograph pretends to lean over the investigation relative to the prevention of a first anterior cruciate ligament non-contact injury in male athletes, and has the objectives of trying to: 1) identify the consensual risk factors and the potential risk factors; 2) verify the mechanisms of injury; 3) investigate preventive measures already studied and the respective results; 4) find the applicability of preventive programs trying to answer to the question: “When, how and to whom?”; 5) think about future investigations that can clarify the previous objectives. After a search realized at the Pubmed.gov platform it was done a systematic review of the bibliography. A big percentage of the search results were related do studies realized only to female athletes. Only few studied male athletes. The injury mechanisms of the non-contact anterior cruciate ligament can vary between sports. These mechanisms are already well studied in some sports like football and ski. However, in other sports the investigations are just beginning. Several risk factors were already identified. The intrinsic risk factors can be modified, mainly the bio-mechanic and neuromuscular ones, and can take a role in injury prevention. The most efficient preventive programs seem to include neuromuscular training, strength training, balancing exercises and pliometric training, and should take part at least one time a week for a minimum of six weeks. The best occasion to start the prevention seems to be between the 12 and 14 years old. In summary, further investigations are needed in order to achieve a more sustained and accurate knowledge about the mechanism of injury, risk factors, and prevention methods of the non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury in the male athlete.
Description
Keywords
Ligamento cruzado anterior Ligamento cruzado anterior - Prevenção Ligamento cruzado anterior - Factores de risco Lesão desportiva - Atletas - Sexo masculino
Pedagogical Context
Citation
Publisher
Universidade da Beira Interior