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Abstract(s)
Introdução: A prevalência da obesidade, do excesso de peso e da síndrome metabólica
tem registado um aumento exponencial nos últimos anos, sobretudo nos países
desenvolvidos. Estes constituem fatores de risco bem estabelecidos para outras doenças
cardiovasculares e metabólicas, que são aquelas que mais contribuem para a mortalidade e
morbilidade, representando um elevado impacto social e económico. A alimentação e o
exercício físico são fatores modificáveis que contribuem para a prevenção e tratamento
destas patologias. As dietas baseadas em plantas são padrões alimentares cada vez mais
populares e diversos estudos apontam para um impacto positivo das mesmas na prevenção
e tratamento da síndrome metabólica. No entanto, o seu papel exato nos marcadores da
síndrome metabólica e os mecanismos que contribuem para os seus efeitos permanecem
controversos.
Objetivo: Esta revisão de literatura pretende explorar o impacto das dietas baseadas em
plantas na síndrome metabólica e em cada um dos marcadores de risco cardiovascular e
metabólico que a definem (hiperglicemia, hipertensão arterial (HTA), hipertrigliceridemia,
níveis baixos de colesterol de lipoproteína de alta densidade (c-HDL) e elevado perímetro
abdominal (obesidade central)). Pretende, também, identificar alguns mecanismos através
dos quais estas dietas podem ser benéficas para a saúde e abordar o impacto que a adoção
de uma dieta à base de plantas não saudável, poderá ter na síndrome metabólica e no
aumento do risco cardiovascular.
Métodos: Para a obtenção dos artigos que estudavam a relação entre as dietas baseadas
em plantas e a síndrome metabólica, foi realizada uma pesquisa avançada na PubMed,
utilizando as seguintes palavras-chave MeSH “Plant-Based Diets” AND “Metabolic
Syndrome”. Uma segunda pesquisa foi realizada para averiguar os mecanismos
inflamatórios subjacentes aos benefícios das dietas baseadas em plantas, utilizando os
termos MesH “Plant-based diets” AND “Inflammation Mediators”. Estas pesquisas foram
limitadas aos artigos publicados nos últimos 10 anos e os artigos foram analisados de acordo
com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão definidos.
Resultados: Para a análise da influência das dietas baseadas em plantas na síndrome
metabólica, foram incluídos 15 estudos (6 longitudinais, 8 transversais e 1 análise
retrospetiva). Destes, 9 apresentaram resultados a favor do impacto positivo das dietas baseadas em plantas na síndrome metabólica ou em vários dos seus marcadores (IMC,
perímetro abdominal, perfil lipídico, perfil tensional, controlo glicémico). Os resultados de
6 dos artigos não permitiram estabelecer nenhuma associação positiva entre as dietas
baseadas em plantas e a síndrome metabólica. Em 3 dos estudos, uma dieta baseada em
plantas não saudável associou-se a um aumento da incidência da síndrome metabólica. O
consumo de alimentos saudáveis como frutas, vegetais, azeite e oleaginosas, ricos em fibras,
vitaminas, ácidos gordos insaturados e polifenóis são os fatores que mais contribuem para
o impacto positivo destas dietas, possuindo um efeito anti-inflamatório (melhorando o
perfil de marcadores inflamatórios em circulação e de adipocinas) e um efeito modificador
da microbiota. No entanto, a exclusão dos alimentos de origem animal da alimentação leva
a menores níveis de vitamina B12 e de ácidos-gordos ómega-3, o que contribui para um
estado pró-inflamatório e um aumento do risco cardiovascular.
Conclusão: As dietas baseadas em plantas demonstram ter benefícios para a saúde,
contribuindo para a prevenção da síndrome metabólica e melhoria dos marcadores
cardiovasculares e metabólicos, sobretudo quando constituídas por alimentos de origem
vegetal saudáveis e quando praticadas de uma forma moderada. A exclusão dos alimentos
de origem animal (sobretudo da carne e do peixe) da dieta, assim como o consumo de
alimentos baseados em plantas processados e aditivados pode contribuir para um aumento
da prevalência da síndrome metabólica e seus marcadores.
Introduction: The prevalence of obesity, overweight and metabolic syndrome has seen an exponential increase in the last years, especially in developed countries. These are well established risk factors for other cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, which are the main contributors to mortality and morbidity, owning a high social and economic impact. Diet and physical exercise are modifiable factors that have an important role on the prevention and treatment of these diseases. Plant-based diets are increasingly popular eating patterns, and several studies point to their positive impact on the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. However, their exact role in individual metabolic syndrome’s markers and the mechanisms responsible for their effects, remain controversial. Objective: The aim of this review was to explore the impact of plant-based diets on metabolic syndrome and on each of its defining cardiovascular and metabolic risk markers (hyperglycemia, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and high waist circumference (central obesity)). It also aims to identify some mechanisms through which these diets can be beneficial for health and address the impact that adopting an unhealthy plant-based diet may have on metabolic syndrome and increased cardiovascular risk. Methods: To obtain articles that studied the relationship between plant-based diets and metabolic syndrome, advanced research was performed in PubMed using the following MeSH keywords “Plant-Based Diets” AND “Metabolic Syndrome”. A second search was carried out to investigate the inflammatory mechanisms underlying the benefits of plantbased diets, using the MesH terms “Plant-based diets” AND “Inflammation Mediators”. These researches were limited to the articles published in the last 10 years and the articles were analysed according to the defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: To analyse the influence of plant-based diets on metabolic syndrome, 15 studies were included (6 longitudinal, 8 cross-sectional and 1 retrospective analysis). Of these, 9 presented results that support the positive impact of plant-based diets on metabolic syndrome or on several of its markers (BMI, waist circumference, lipid profile, blood pressure profile, glycemic control). 6 articles failed to establish any positive association between plant-based diets and metabolic syndrome. In 3 studies, an unhealthy plant-based diet was associated with an increased incidence of metabolic syndrome. The consumption of healthy foods such as fruits, vegetables, olive oil and oilseeds, rich in fiber, vitamins, unsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols are the factors that contribute the most to the positive impact of these diets, having an anti-inflammatory effect (improving the inflammatory marker’s blood profile and adipokines) and a modifying effect on the microbiota. However, the exclusion of animal source foods from the diet, leads to lower levels of vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acids, which contributes to a pro-inflammatory state and an increased cardiovascular risk. Conclusion: Plant-based diets have been shown to have health benefits, contributing to the prevention of metabolic syndrome, and improving cardiovascular and metabolic markers’ profile, especially when including plant-based healthy foods and when practiced in a moderate way. The exclusion of animal source foods (especially meat and fish) from the diet, as well as the consumption of processed and additive plant-based foods, can contribute to an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome.
Introduction: The prevalence of obesity, overweight and metabolic syndrome has seen an exponential increase in the last years, especially in developed countries. These are well established risk factors for other cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, which are the main contributors to mortality and morbidity, owning a high social and economic impact. Diet and physical exercise are modifiable factors that have an important role on the prevention and treatment of these diseases. Plant-based diets are increasingly popular eating patterns, and several studies point to their positive impact on the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. However, their exact role in individual metabolic syndrome’s markers and the mechanisms responsible for their effects, remain controversial. Objective: The aim of this review was to explore the impact of plant-based diets on metabolic syndrome and on each of its defining cardiovascular and metabolic risk markers (hyperglycemia, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and high waist circumference (central obesity)). It also aims to identify some mechanisms through which these diets can be beneficial for health and address the impact that adopting an unhealthy plant-based diet may have on metabolic syndrome and increased cardiovascular risk. Methods: To obtain articles that studied the relationship between plant-based diets and metabolic syndrome, advanced research was performed in PubMed using the following MeSH keywords “Plant-Based Diets” AND “Metabolic Syndrome”. A second search was carried out to investigate the inflammatory mechanisms underlying the benefits of plantbased diets, using the MesH terms “Plant-based diets” AND “Inflammation Mediators”. These researches were limited to the articles published in the last 10 years and the articles were analysed according to the defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: To analyse the influence of plant-based diets on metabolic syndrome, 15 studies were included (6 longitudinal, 8 cross-sectional and 1 retrospective analysis). Of these, 9 presented results that support the positive impact of plant-based diets on metabolic syndrome or on several of its markers (BMI, waist circumference, lipid profile, blood pressure profile, glycemic control). 6 articles failed to establish any positive association between plant-based diets and metabolic syndrome. In 3 studies, an unhealthy plant-based diet was associated with an increased incidence of metabolic syndrome. The consumption of healthy foods such as fruits, vegetables, olive oil and oilseeds, rich in fiber, vitamins, unsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols are the factors that contribute the most to the positive impact of these diets, having an anti-inflammatory effect (improving the inflammatory marker’s blood profile and adipokines) and a modifying effect on the microbiota. However, the exclusion of animal source foods from the diet, leads to lower levels of vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acids, which contributes to a pro-inflammatory state and an increased cardiovascular risk. Conclusion: Plant-based diets have been shown to have health benefits, contributing to the prevention of metabolic syndrome, and improving cardiovascular and metabolic markers’ profile, especially when including plant-based healthy foods and when practiced in a moderate way. The exclusion of animal source foods (especially meat and fish) from the diet, as well as the consumption of processed and additive plant-based foods, can contribute to an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome.
Description
Keywords
Biomarcadores Inflamatórios Dieta Vegan Dietas Baseadas em Plantas Fatores de Risco Cardiovascular Síndrome Metabólica