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Prevalência e Fatores Associados a Ortorexia Nervosa em Estudantes Universitários – Revisão Sistemática
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Abstract(s)
Introdução: A “Ortorexia Nervosa” (ON) define-se como uma obsessão severa pela
ingestão de alimentos minimamente processados e interpretados como saudáveis, cujo
foco é na qualidade da dieta, culminando em elevados níveis de ansiedade, com
repercussões na vida diária. Determinar a prevalência desta condição e os fatores
associados poderá contribuir para a avaliação do seu impacto na saúde pública, bem
como para a intervenção precoce em indivíduos em risco.
Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de ON em estudantes universitários e avaliar os
fatores associados com a ON nesta população.
Métodos: A presente revisão foi desenvolvida em concordância com a metodologia
PRISMA, através de uma pesquisa sistemática da literatura nas bases de dados
PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science e CINAHL, com os seguintes termos de pesquisa:
("orthorexia nervosa" OR "orthorexia") AND ("prevalence" OR "epidemiology" OR
"frequency" OR "incidence") AND ("university students" OR "undergraduates" OR
"college students"). Foram incluídos os estudos que indicavam a prevalência de ON,
com especificação dos respetivos cut-offs aplicados, fatores associados a esta condição e
escritos em inglês ou português. A avaliação da qualidade metodológica dos artigos
selecionados fez-se através da Escala de Avaliação da Qualidade Hawker et al.
Resultados: Foram considerados 29 estudos. Os valores de prevalência obtidos são
díspares e dependem dos variados instrumentos de avaliação aplicados, oscilando entre
[1,70% - 85,1%]. Verificaram-se incongruências nos fatores de risco associados à ON.
Destacam-se os hábitos alimentares prévios, a prática excessiva de atividade física,
fatores da personalidade e a autoperceção corporal e física. Os alunos que
frequentavam cursos de Nutrição, Educação Física e outras áreas da Saúde não
especificadas, apresentaram um maior risco de desenvolvimento de ON; a ON foi mais
prevalente em alunos que se encontravam nos anos iniciais dos seus respetivos cursos.
Discussão: O conceito de ON ainda não está claramente definido e os critérios de
diagnóstico e os instrumentos de avaliação carecem de validação, resultando em
estimativas de prevalência muito variáveis e em reduzida robustez nos resultados sobre
os fatores de risco associados. A associação da ON com hábitos alimentares prévios,
prática excessiva de atividade física, fatores da personalidade, autoperceção corporal e
física e o nível de educação, consolida a importância de intervenções preventivas e educativas, bem como de apoio psicológico precocemente na formação académica dos
alunos. Acresce, ainda, a necessidade de realização de estudos longitudinais, para
avaliar de que forma é que esta entidade surge; se isoladamente e independentemente
de outras perturbações alimentares ou se enquanto um predecessor.
Introduction: “Orthorexia Nervosa” (ON) is defined as a severe obsession with consuming minimally processed foods perceived as healthy, with a primary focus on the quality of the diet, leading to high levels of anxiety and impacting the individual’s daily life. Determining its prevalence and associated factors may contribute to assessing its public health impact and enabling early intervention in at-risk individuals. Objective: To determine the prevalence of ON among university students and assess its associated factors in this population. Methods: This review was conducted following the PRISMA methodology, through a systematic literature search performed in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases using the following search terms: ("orthorexia nervosa" OR "orthorexia") AND ("prevalence" OR "epidemiology" OR "frequency" OR "incidence") AND ("university students" OR "undergraduates" OR "college students"). Studies that reported ON prevalence, specifying the applied cut-off points, associated factors, and written in English or Portuguese, were included. The methodological quality of the selected articles was assessed using the Hawker et al. Quality Assessment Scale. Results: A total of 29 studies were considered. The prevalence values varied significantly depending on the assessment tools used, ranging from [1.70% - 85.1%]. Inconsistencies were found in the risk factors associated with ON. Notable factors included previous dietary habits, excessive physical activity, personality traits, and body and physical self-perception. Students enrolled in Nutrition, Physical Education, and other unspecified Health-related courses had a higher risk of developing ON; ON was more prevalent among students in the early years of their academic programs. Discussion: The concept of ON is not yet clearly defined, and its diagnostic criteria and assessment tools lack validation, resulting in highly variable prevalence estimates and limited robustness in findings regarding associated risk factors. The association of ON with previous dietary habits, excessive physical activity, personality traits, body and physical self-perception, and education level highlights the importance of preventive and educational interventions, as well as psychological support, early in students’ academic training. Moreover, longitudinal studies are needed to determine how this condition develops—whether it arises independently of other eating disorders or as a precursor.
Introduction: “Orthorexia Nervosa” (ON) is defined as a severe obsession with consuming minimally processed foods perceived as healthy, with a primary focus on the quality of the diet, leading to high levels of anxiety and impacting the individual’s daily life. Determining its prevalence and associated factors may contribute to assessing its public health impact and enabling early intervention in at-risk individuals. Objective: To determine the prevalence of ON among university students and assess its associated factors in this population. Methods: This review was conducted following the PRISMA methodology, through a systematic literature search performed in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases using the following search terms: ("orthorexia nervosa" OR "orthorexia") AND ("prevalence" OR "epidemiology" OR "frequency" OR "incidence") AND ("university students" OR "undergraduates" OR "college students"). Studies that reported ON prevalence, specifying the applied cut-off points, associated factors, and written in English or Portuguese, were included. The methodological quality of the selected articles was assessed using the Hawker et al. Quality Assessment Scale. Results: A total of 29 studies were considered. The prevalence values varied significantly depending on the assessment tools used, ranging from [1.70% - 85.1%]. Inconsistencies were found in the risk factors associated with ON. Notable factors included previous dietary habits, excessive physical activity, personality traits, and body and physical self-perception. Students enrolled in Nutrition, Physical Education, and other unspecified Health-related courses had a higher risk of developing ON; ON was more prevalent among students in the early years of their academic programs. Discussion: The concept of ON is not yet clearly defined, and its diagnostic criteria and assessment tools lack validation, resulting in highly variable prevalence estimates and limited robustness in findings regarding associated risk factors. The association of ON with previous dietary habits, excessive physical activity, personality traits, body and physical self-perception, and education level highlights the importance of preventive and educational interventions, as well as psychological support, early in students’ academic training. Moreover, longitudinal studies are needed to determine how this condition develops—whether it arises independently of other eating disorders or as a precursor.
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Keywords
Estudantes Universitários Fatores de Risco Ortorexia Nervosa Perturbações
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