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- Hair as a monitoring tool for psychoactive substancesPublication . Simão, Ana Aysa Rocha da; Alba, Maria Eugénia Gallardo; Barroso, Mário Jorge Dinis; Andraus, Maristela HaddadThe global prevalence of substance use and its severe health, social, and economic consequences remain significant public health concerns. The continuous emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS), alongside the widespread use of traditional drugs, exacerbates the challenges faced by forensic and clinical toxicologists. These substances often evade conventional detection methods due to their rapid evolution, posing significant risks to users and complicating monitoring efforts. Understanding substance use patterns and their impacts is essential for informing prevention strategies, shaping public policies, and implementing harm reduction initiatives. Hair analysis has emerged as a powerful tool in toxicological investigations, offering unique advantages over traditional biological matrices such as blood and urine. Its extended detection window enables the assessment of chronic and historical drug use, while its resistance to adulteration ensures reliability. As a non-invasive collection method, hair analysis facilitates large-scale studies, making it particularly suitable for exploring poly-drug use and evaluating the prevalence of both classical drugs and NPS across diverse populations. Quantitative hair analysis complements self-reported data, addressing discrepancies and enhancing the accuracy of substance use research. [...]
- Evaluation of Pedestrian Crossing Accidents Using Artificial Neural NetworkPublication . Santos, Bertha; Gonçalves, Jorge; Amin, Shohel ; Vieira, Sandra Cristina Gil ; Lopes, Carlos Manuel Valença MartinsMost of European cities face increasing problems caused by excessive traffic of conventional fuel-based transport modes. To reverse this situation, sustainable urban mobility policies have been promoting soft modes of transport, such as walking. Despite the advantages of walking in reducing traffic congestion and pollution, cities have not always evolved to accommodate the needs of pedestrians. According to the European Commission, in 2020, 20% of road fatalities in the European Union (EU) and 21% in Portugal were pedestrian. Pedestrian fatality rates per million population was 9.7 for all EU countries and 13.1 for Portugal. In European and Portuguese urban areas, 36% and 27% of the fatalities were pedestrians’ and 49% and 56% of all pedestrian fatalities were elderly’s (respectively). In pedestrian infrastructures, crossings are considered the most critical element due to conflicts between vehicles and pedestrians. It is then essential to identify and minimize risk factors that increase the probability of accidents in these locations. The proposed work intends to assess this challenge by using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to create pedestrian severity prediction models and identify road and pedestrian risk factors for accident occurred in or near urban crossings. The official Portuguese database on run over pedestrian accidents occurred between 2017–2021 was analyzed with ANN considering two scenarios: pre-Covid-19 and during Covid-19 period. Results obtained demonstrate that the use of ANN can promote a proactive infrastructure management, suggesting that crossings traffic lights operation, lighting, shoulders and pavement conditions, high speed limits (51–90 km/h) and pedestrians moving in soft modes are critical factors.
- Identificação de causas genéticas do hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico congénito utilizando a sequenciação de nova geraçãoPublication . Carriço, Josianne Nunes; Lemos, Manuel Carlos Loureiro de; Gonçalves, Catarina Inês Nunes PiresO desenvolvimento pubertário é um processo fisiológico complexo que resulta da interação entre o sistema neuroendócrino, fatores genéticos e ambientais. Inicia-se com a reativação do eixo Hipotálamo-Hipófise-Gónadas, levando à produção de gonadotrofinas, hormonas sexuais e consequente desenvolvimento dos carateres sexuais secundários. O Hipogonadismo Hipogonadotrófico Congénito (HHC) é uma doença endócrina rara que, na adolescência, se manifesta clinicamente com ausência completa ou parcial do desenvolvimento dos caracteres sexuais secundários. Na idade adulta, os sintomas incluem ausência de virilização e disfunção erétil no sexo masculino, amenorreia primária no sexo feminino, ausência de líbido e infertilidade em ambos os sexos. O HHC caracteriza-se pela ausência ou diminuição da produção, secreção ou ação da hormona libertadora de gonadotrofinas. Em 50 a 60% dos casos associa-se a anosmia/hiposmia (Síndrome de Kallmann) ou a outras anomalias congénitas. O diagnóstico do HHC baseia-se na anamnese, observação de sinais clínicos, levantamento de sintomas e exames laboratoriais e imagiológicos. Contudo, desde o início do século XXI, o conhecimento sobre as causas genéticas do HHC tem avançado na mesma medida que o desenvolvimento das tecnologias de sequenciação genética. A disponibilidade das tecnologias de sequenciação de nova geração (NGS) proporcionou grandes avanços no diagnóstico molecular destes doentes. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar as causas genéticas do HHC em doentes portugueses, utilizando a NGS, ferramentas in silico e técnicas de biologia molecular. Foram estudados 81 doentes com HHC e 263 controlos portugueses. O ADN genómico foi extraído dos leucócitos do sangue periférico e submetido à sequenciação do exoma completo. A partir das bases de dados OMIM® e Pubmed, identificaram-se 169 genes relacionados com o fenótipo de HHC, que foram incluídos num painel virtual. As variantes encontradas nesses genes foram filtradas com base na frequência populacional e localização no genoma, sendo classificadas conforme os critérios do American college of medical genetics and genomics e da Association for molecular pathology (ACMG-AMP) em cinco níveis, de benignas a patogénicas. Para avaliar o impacto de variantes com potencial para alterar o splicing, utilizou-se o método de minigene. A análise das variantes germinativas permitiu identificar a causa genética do HHC em 24 dos 81 doentes estudados (29,6%). As variantes causais estavam distribuídas por 10 dos 169 genes presentes no painel genético virtual analisado. Os genes GNRHR, FGFR1, ANOS1 e CHD7 foram os mais frequentemente afetados. Notavelmente, a ampliação do painel genético não resultou num aumentou considerável da taxa de diagnóstico. No entanto, é importante destacar que este estudo expandiu o espectro mutacional da doença, identificando várias variantes até então nunca descritas. A maioria das variantes encontradas foi classificada como de significado indeterminado (VUS), mas a taxa de VUS não diferiu significativamente entre doentes e controlos, com exceção do gene EGF, onde foram encontradas VUS exclusivamente nos doentes. Concluímos que a maioria dessas variantes raras não estão diretamente relacionadas com o fenótipo estudado, refletindo provavelmente o fundo genético da população portuguesa. Em relação à oligogenia, observou-se uma frequência de 6,2% entre os doentes (5/81), um valor estatisticamente mais elevado quando comparado com os controlos. O estudo funcional de uma variante identificada no gene CHD7 (NM_017780.4: c.4354G>T, p.Val1452Leu), resultou no aumento da taxa de diagnóstico para 30,9%, demonstrando a importância dos estudos funcionais na reclassificação de VUS. Este trabalho enfatizou a complexidade genética do HHC, reforçando a importância de uma compreensão aprofundada da doença, seja para estabelecer o diagnóstico e/ou o prognóstico, para ajudar no aconselhamento genético e tratamento, seja para o esclarecimento dos processos biológicos, que potencialmente poderão contribuir para o desenvolvimento de terapias dirigidas no futuro.
- Dual-crosslinked injectable in situ forming Alginate/CaCl2/Pluronic F127/ α-Cyclodextrin hydrogels incorporating Doxorubicin and graphene-based nanomaterials for cancer chemo-photothermal therapyPublication . Gonçalves, Joaquim; Melo, Bruna Daniela Lopes ; Pouso, Manuel António do Rosário ; Correia, Ilídio Joaquim Sobreira ; de Melo-Diogo, DuarteInjectable in situ forming hydrogels have been emerging due to their capacity to perform the direct delivery of therapeutics into the tumor site with minimal off-target leakage. Particularly, physical crosslinked injectable in situ forming hydrogels are appealing due to their straightforward preparation that exploits the native jointing capabilities of specific polymers/materials. However, the features of these hydrogels (e.g., injectability, degradation, swelling) are strongly pre-determined by the physical interactions available on the selected polymers/ materials, occasionally yielding undesired outcomes. Thus, the combination of multiple physical crosslinking cues may allow the preparation of hydrogels with enhanced properties. In this work, a dual-crosslinked injectable in situ forming hydrogel was engineered by combining Pluronic F127/α-Cyclodextrin and Alginate/CaCl2 (i.e., combination of host-guest and electrostatic interactions), being loaded with Doxorubicin (chemotherapeutic drug) and Dopamine-reduced Graphene Oxide (photothermal nano-agent) for application in cancer chemophotothermal therapy. When compared to the single-crosslinked hydrogels, the dual-crosslinking contributed to the assembly of formulations with suitable injectability and improved degradation and water absorption behaviors. Moreover, the dual-crosslinked hydrogels presented a good photothermal capacity (ΔT ≈ 14 ◦C), leading to a 1.18-times enhanced Doxorubicin release. In in vitro cell-based studies, the dual-crosslinked hydrogels exhibited an excellent cytocompatibility towards healthy (normal human dermal fibroblasts) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. As importantly, the dual-crosslinked hydrogels were able to mediate a chemophotothermal effect that diminished the cancer cells’ viability to just 23 %. Overall, the developed dualcrosslinked injectable in situ forming hydrogels incorporating Doxorubicin and Dopamine-reduced Graphene Oxide are a promising macroscale system for breast cancer chemo-photothermal therapy.
- Prescrição do Exercício Físico na Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2Publication . Gomes, André Magalhães; Sousa, Miguel Castelo-Branco CraveiroA importância dos estilos de vida saudáveis na Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 é reconhecidana prática clínica e na literatura médica. Uma prescrição efetiva e segura de exercíciofísico é fundamental para o controlo glicémico e melhoria de desfechos clínicos. Objetivos: Rever a temática da prescrição de exercício físico no contexto da DiabetesMellitus tipo 2; Descrever sucintamente a patologia ; Explorar a implicaçãofisiopatológica do exercício físico na Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2; Abordar asrecomendações da prática de exercício físico; Conhecer as complicações frequentesecautelas a ter em várias comorbilidades. Metodologia: Para a elaboração desta dissertação, realizou-se uma pesquisa nas basesde dados Pubmed. Recorreu-se também a algumas referências bibliográficas citadasnos artigos selecionados durante a pesquisa. Foram considerados maioritariamenteartigos publicados a partir de 2010, escritos na língua inglesa. Adicionalmente, foram consultados manuais de referência e websites de entidadesoficiais, como a Organização Mundial de Saúde e a Direção-Geral da Saúde.
- The effect of pre-hydrolysis Kraft pulping conditions on the production of dissolving pulp and valorization of by-productsPublication . Cunha, André Eduardo Palos; Simões, Rogério Manuel dos SantosThis study evaluated the production of dissolving pulps from Eucalyptus globulus through the pre-hydrolysis Kraft process. While the pulp and paper industries employ the best available technologies, there is potential to enhance their overall environmental and economic performance by valorizing secondary products generated from current processes. This is also true for dissolving pulp production, which requires extensive removal of hemicelluloses; their valorization can help make the process more cost-effective. Given that 30-45% of the wood used is converted into dissolving pulp, the by-products account for a sizable portion (55-70%) of the raw material utilized. To address these issues, the work comprises two complementary parts. The first part focuses on the main product, the dissolving pulp. The second part examines the valorization of by-products, specifically the hemicelluloses removed during pre-hydrolysis and the lignin extracted during Kraft/Soda cooking. Dissolving pulp production has been extensively researched over the past 50 years, with continuous studies exploring processes and raw materials. These efforts aim to optimize pre-hydrolysis and cooking conditions to maximize yield and improve product quality. To explore this topic further, an experimental system was developed to conduct the pre-hydrolysis stage under non-conventional conditions using a continuous flow system. The impact of the liquid renewal rate in pre-hydrolysis, manipulated by the flow rate, was investigated, maintaining temperature and time at standard conditions. The laboratory-developed system enabled the assessment of how pre-hydrolysis conditions affect the properties of the dissolving pulp. The quality of the dissolving pulp was assessed based on various properties, such as porosity, cellulose degree of polymerization, crystallinity, chemical composition, and Fock reactivity, which are crucial parameters for control. The dissolving pulp produced using the liquid renewal in pre-hydrolysis provided a pulp with a lower cellulose degree of polymerization (800 cm3/g vs. 1158 cm3/g), lower xylan content (3.0 % vs 6.8 %) and higher Fock reactivity (71.2 % vs. 52.2 %). In addition, chemical, enzymatic, and mechanical treatments were investigated to enhance the understanding of the relative importance of the pulp properties in Fock reactivity. The objective was to examine each property individually and its influence on pulp reactivity, which is a limiting factor for its dissolution. Although the various approaches facilitate the individual exploration of different properties, intrinsic interdependencies—such as the relationship between the Segal crystallinity index and degree of polymerization—add complexity to the investigation. The expected negative correlation between cellulose degree of polymerization and Fock reactivity was confirmed. Mechanical grinding simultaneously provoked a decrease in crystal size, the Segal crystallinity index, and the cellulose degree of polymerization, as well as an increase in Fock reactivity, illustrating the difficulty in deconvolving the effects of pulp properties. The endoglucanase treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the cellulose degree of polymerization of Kraft pulp (from 873 cm³/g to 558 cm³/g) and a corresponding increase in Fock reactivity (from 52% to 65%), without significantly affecting crystal size and crystallinity index, thereby reinforcing the key role of cellulose degree of polymerization. In the second part of this thesis, considering dissolving pulp production, where hemicellulose and lignin must be removed from the wood, valorizing by-products is crucial for enhancing the industry's sustainability and economic viability. Through advanced extraction, fractionation, and conversion techniques, hemicelluloses and lignin can be transformed into various value-added materials derived from sustainable sources, enabling them to compete directly with products derived from fossil sources. The continuous flow system was used to examine the impact of the residence time of the hemicelluloses extracted from wood inside the pre-hydrolysis reactor on the degree of polymerization of xylooligosaccharides, high-value compounds, and dissolving pulp properties. When the pre-hydrolysis batch mode was changed to the liquid renewal mode, the X2-X3 yield in the hydrolysate increased from 6.1% to 25.0%, representing an almost 5-fold increase in added-value compounds. Additionally, a wide range of methods—chemical, enzymatic, and mechanical—were explored to produce xylan-based oligosaccharides (X1-X6) following the extraction of hemicellulose from various sources. Among the evaluated methods, the enzymatic reaction of hemicelluloses with xylanases emerged as a more environmentally friendly alternative, and it is also selective for compounds of interest, such as xylobiose and xylotriose. However, this method encounters limitations related to substrate-enzyme accessibility, for which several optimizations have been proposed. After pre-hydrolysis, most part of the lignin remains in the solid residue, which now has low hemicellulose content (2-5%). During the subsequent Kraft/Soda cooking stage, lignin was removed along with any remaining hemicellulose by applying heat, pressure, and a highly alkaline medium (Na₂S and NaOH in the Kraft process and NaOH in the Soda process). These processes generated black liquor with a high lignin content and minimal impurities. After the black liquor's acidification, lignin with specific characteristics and high purity was obtained. Lignin can be utilized in two primary ways: first, after depolymerization, it serves as a sustainable source of basic chemical compounds; second, after polymerization, it functions as a polymer with unique mechanical properties. In the present work, the investigation focused on the second approach, emphasizing the valorization of lignin through polymerization to examine its distinctive mechanical characteristics. Since degradation and depolymerization occur during the extraction of lignin from wood, resulting in the loss of some of its properties, especially mechanical characteristics, repolymerization becomes essential to produce compounds with high mechanical strength. As an alternative to traditional chemical reactions, a bacterial alkaline laccase was used to catalyze lignin polymerization/cross-linking in solution and after imbibition in a cellulose porous medium. The lignin polymerization/cross-linking in solution was directly demonstrated; the average molecular weight increased, and the alkaline soluble lignin fraction decreased by 51.0 % after being exposed to alkaline laccase, suggesting strong lignin cross-linking in solution. Lignin imbibition in paper and in-situ polymerization was explored to maximize the formation of bonds within paper-based composites. Among the properties influenced by this cross-linking, the significant increase in tensile strength and decreased wettability of the composite are particularly noteworthy. In summary, this study examined the impact of pre-hydrolysis conditions on the properties of dissolving pulp and correlated the significance of these properties with the pulp's reactivity. Additionally, the valorization of by-products from the pre-hydrolysis cooking process, such as the production of xylooligosaccharides from hemicelluloses and the extraction and integration of lignin in composites, enhances the principles of biorefinery and circular economy within the paper and pulp industry. When subjected to effective valorization strategies, both by-products have the potential to be transformed from mere by-products into valuable co-products of the cooking process. This approach promotes improved resource utilization and reduces waste, aligning with more sustainable practices from both environmental and economic perspectives.
- Quality Evaluation of Point Cloud Coding SolutionsPublication . Prazeres, João Pedro Casanova; Pinheiro, António Manuel GonçalvesPoint clouds experienced a large increase in popularity. From gaming to medical applications, autonomous driving, and urban mapping, point clouds have been widely used in the current technological world. As the demand for point cloud content increases, the need for efficient point cloud coding solutions also increases. Access to such solutions is important for efficient storage and transmission of point cloud data, because they are typically represented by huge amounts of information. It is, however, crucial to have access to quality methods that accurately benchmark point cloud coding solutions. This allows the developers of such solutions to accurately test their codec in several different environments, adjusting the codec development accordingly. In the past, subjective quality models were established to assess the quality of images and videos. Based on this knowledge, new models were developed for point cloud content, though there are crucial differences due to the 3D nature of point clouds. Recently, the growing popularity of learning-based codecs led to a new analysis of the performance of the developed quality models, as the caused distortions tend to be different from those created by the traditional coding technologies. This thesis aims to research those well established subjective quality models in order to assess the performance of point cloud coding solutions, namely the ones that are learningbased. Furthermore, it was also important to understand how the current point cloud objective quality metrics perform in assessing the quality of learning-based point cloud coding solutions. To achieve this goal, several quality studies were conducted under different viewing conditions and considering several state-of-the-art point cloud coding solutions. Furthermore, extensive objective quality metrics benchmarking was conducted across this doctoral program in order to assess their performance in predicting the quality of learning-based point cloud coding solutions. Ultimately, this led to multiple contributions that were proposed and accepted by the scientific community and that were helpful in understanding the performance of point cloud coding solutions, the impact of the display on quality perception, and the performance of objective point cloud quality metrics.