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- Ultra-fast and compact optical Galois field adder based on the LPhC structure and phase shift keyingPublication . Askarian, Asghar; Parandin, Fariborz; Bagheri, Nila; Velez, Fernando J.In this study, we propose a novel all-optical Galois Field (AOGF) adder that utilizes logic alloptical XOR gates. The design is founded on the constructive and destructive interference phenomenon of optical beams and incorporates the phase shift keying (PSK) technique within a two-dimensional linear photonic crystal (2D-LPhC) structure. The suggested AOGF adder comprises eight input ports and four output ports. To obtain the electric field distribution in this structure, we employ the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) procedure. The FDTD simulation results of the proposed AOGF adder demonstrate that the minimum and maximum values of the normalized power at ON and OFF states (𝑃ଵ,, 𝑃,௫) for the output ports are 95% and 1.7%, respectively. Additionally, we obtain different functional parameters, including the ONOFF contrast ratio, rise time, fall time, and total footprint, which are measured at 17.47 dB, 0.1 ps, 0.05 ps, and 147 μm2 , respectively.
- Fractal Patch Antenna based on Crystal Photonic applied to Intelligent Transportation Systems in the 40 GHz Millimeter WavebandPublication . Bagheri, Nila; Khan, Bahram; Teixeira, Emanuel; Velez, Fernando J.5G (and beyond) has very high bandwidth, short latency, better quality of service, and the right amount of capacity. Technological breakthroughs in mobile communication systems user equipments operating in the millimeter wavebands imply a high gain to compensate the effect of path loss. In this work, a novel photonic crystal-based microstrip patch antenna array with high gain is designed to be used in the next generation intelligent transportation ssytems, e.g., V2X, and other exciting applications. The Photonic Band Gap (PBG) structure and Finite Element Method were considered. By using the High Frequency Structure Simulation (HFSS) software, a fractal microstrip patch antenna operating in the U-band of the electromagnetic spectrum is conceived and modeled on a two-dimensional photonic crystal. The use of the PBG structure improves the antenna’s gain and bandwidth, while the antenna’s fractal form decreases its size and improves its input impedance. The operational frequency range is 41.72-45.12 GHz with a resonant band centered at 43.26 GHz. The proposed antenna is comprised of a 0.45 mm thick copper ground plane, a 0.9 mm thick FR-4 epoxy substrate with a relative transmittance of 4.4, and a 0.45 mm thick copper antenna patch. The achieved frequency band gain is 8.95 dBi.
- Multi-Band Resonant Photonic Crystal Antenna for 5G ApplicationsPublication . Teixeira, Emanuel; Teixeira, Emanuel; Peha, Jon; Velez, Fernando J.Extended reality (XR) is bridging the gap between virtual and real-world interactions enabling users to interact in realistic virtual worlds, removing physical obstacles, and establishing shared areas that promote greater comprehension and teamwork. The growing demand for high-frequency 5G communication systems supporting these new applications motivates the need of compact and efficient antennas capable of operating at millimeter-wave frequency bands. This work explores how the use of photonic crystals leverages the properties of a multi-band antenna operating within the 27.81 GHz and 41.93 GHz resonant bands. The High-Frequency Structure Simulation (HFSS) software is utilized in this paper to outline a comprehensive design and modeling approach for the proposed microstrip patch antenna.The design process involves optimizing the geometry and periodicity of the photonic crystal structure to obtain resonant modes at the desired frequency bands by exploiting its bandgap properties, whilst enabling high quality resonances within the targeted frequency bands. The electromagnetic simulations and numerical analysis results demonstrate that the designed multiband photonic crystals-based antenna achieves a gain of 9.61 dBi. The resonant modes exhibit high quality factors, resulting in improved radiation efficiency. The proposed photonic crystalbased antenna compact size, high gain, and multiple resonant bands make it suitable for a wide range of applications, including next-generation wireless communication systems supporting XR, radar systems, or satellite communications in the upper frequency bands.
- Advancements in High-Frequency Antenna Design: Integrating Photonic Crystals for Next-Generation Communication TechnologiesPublication . Bagheri, Nila; Velez, Fernando J.; Peha, JonCentral to this study is the introduction of a pioneering photonic crystal-based microstrip patch antenna array with high gain. Engineered to meet the demands of evolving wireless communication technologies, this novel antenna system leverages Photonic Band Gap (PBG) structures. A fractal microstrip patch antenna, operating within the E-W-F band, is designed and simulated using the High-Frequency Structure Simulation (HFSS) software. With an operational frequency spanning 60.15 GHz to 120 GHz and a resonant band at 64.80 GHz, the antenna achieves a peak gain of 10.50 dBi within the obtained bandwidth. In this study, we selected Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 as the substrate material for our antenna, capitalizing on its unique properties to achieve superior functionality in high-frequency applications. One of the advantages of RT/Duroid 5880 is its exceptionally low dielectric constant (Ɛr = 2.2). This property is paramount for high-frequency antennas, as a lower dielectric constant facilitates improved signal propagation characteristics. The result is reduced signal loss and enhanced impedance matching, contributing to the overall efficiency of the antenna. The mechanical machinability of RT/Duroid substrates, including RT/Duroid 5880, adds another layer of advantage. The material can be easily cut, sheared, and machined to shape, streamlining the manufacturing process, and allowing for precise customization of the antenna design. In addition, by creating air hole in substrate reduce the dielectric constant, the introduction of air holes can decrease the effective dielectric constant of the material. As a lower dielectric constant results in a slower wave propagation speed, a reduction wavelength and a more compact antenna design may result. The presence of air holes or a photonic crystal structure can modify the electromagnetic properties of the substrate, potentially leading to enhanced bandwidth characteristics of broadband antennas.