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- Validity and Reliability of the Smart Groin Trainer for Measuring Hip Adduction StrengthPublication . Sousa, António Carlos; Marques, Diogo Luís; Calado, António Manuel; Pacheco, Carlos; Marinho, Daniel; Marques, Mário Cardoso; Travassos, BrunoWe analyzed the Smart Groin Trainer device's validity and reliability to measure the isometric hip adduction strength during the adductor squeeze strength test. Fifteen professional soccer players (25.33±4.06 years) and fifteen university students (21.60±1.76 years) participated in this study. All participants performed the squeeze strength test using two portable dynamometers: Smart Groin Trainer and Globus Ergometer. Three maximal isometric hip adduction contractions lasting 5s, interspersed by 3min rest intervals, were performed. Reliability was analyzed with intraclass correlation coefficients, standard error of measurements, and minimal detectable change. The absolute percent error and inter-device accuracy were also analyzed. Correlation analysis assessed the inter-device concurrent validity. The results found no significant differences (p>0.05) between devices in the squeeze strength test values in soccer players and university students. Inter-device comparisons revealed excellent levels of reliability and accuracy in soccer players. Concurrent validity measures revealed strong inter-device relationships in soccer players (r=0.89) and very strong relationships in university students (r=0.99). Intra-device analysis using the Smart Groin Trainer showed excellent relative and absolute reliability in tested soccer players. Our data demonstrated excellent levels of agreement between both dynamometers during the squeeze strength test, suggesting the Smart Groin Trainer as a valid, reliable, and accurate device to measure isometric hip adduction strength.
- Strength and Power Performance Changes During an In-Season Resistance Training Program in Elite Futsal Players: A Case StudyPublication . Marques, Diogo Luís; Ribeiro, João Nuno; Sousa, António Carlos; Travassos, Bruno; Marques, Mário CardosoIn this study, we aimed to analyze (i) the strength and power changes after resistance training (RT) in elite futsal players, and (ii) the associations between the session rate of perceived exertion (sRPE) and perceived total quality recovery (TQR), and the sRPE and TQR with the volume load of the RT program. Ten elite futsal players (24.8 ± 5.4 years; 76.2 ± 7.1 kg; 1.77 ± 0.05 m) performed an in-season 8-week RT program twice per week. RT consisted of 2-3 sets x 3-6 reps at 45-65% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) with maximal velocities in the full squat and complementary exercises with the same volume. We assessed the TQR before every session, while the sRPE was calculated after each RT session. One week before and after the intervention, we measured the countermovement jump (CMJ) height, isometric hip adduction strength (IHAS), 1RM, and peak power (PP) in the full squat progressive loading test. After the 8-week training program, there was a significant improvement in most outcomes, yet the gains (%Δ) remained below the minimal detectable change (MDC), except for IHAS (CMJ: p < 0.05, %Δ = 6.7, MDC% = 7.2; IHAS: p < 0.001, %Δ = 19.1, MDC% = 14.6; 1RM: p > 0.05, %Δ = 9.2, MDC% = 21.5; PP: p < 0.05; %Δ = 14.4, MDC% = 22.4). We also found a significant negative correlation between TQR and the sRPE (r = -0.45, p < 0.001). Our data suggest that RT based on low-volume and low-to-moderate loads may not produce a sufficient stimulus to induce meaningful dynamic strength and power gains in elite futsal players, although it improves isometric strength. Furthermore, monitoring TQR before sessions may show coaches how the elite futsal player will perceive the session's intensity.
- Resistance Training in Older Adults: The Importance of Volume and Movement VelocityPublication . Marques, Diogo Luís Sequeira Torgal; Marques, Mário António Cardoso; Neiva, Henrique PereiraIn the last decade, the prescription of resistance training (RT) volume based on monitoring the intra-set velocity loss (VL) in sportsmen has assumed great prominence among coaches and researchers. Nevertheless, to date, its applicability and efficacy in optimizing muscle and functional gains in older adults are unknown. Therefore, the general aim of the thesis was to analyze the effects of manipulating the RT volume through monitoring VL on strength, power, and functional capacity in older adults. As such, the following steps were adopted: i) review of the effects of single vs. multiple sets on muscular and functional adaptations in middle-aged and older adults; ii) comparison of the acute effects of low vs. high RT volume on physiological and neuromuscular parameters in older adults; iii) analysis of the effects of RT with 20% VL on strength, power, and functional capacity in older adults; iv) analysis of the effects of RT with 10% VL on strength, power, and functional capacity in older adults; v) analysis of the load-velocity-power relationship in resistance exercises in older adults; vi) comparison of the effects of 10 weeks of RT with 10% vs. 20% VL on strength, power, and functional capacity in older adults. The main results indicated: i) multiple sets induce greater muscular and functional gains than single sets; ii) high volume produces greater acute physiological and neuromuscular stress than low volume; iii) 10% and 20% VL induce strength, power, and functional capacity gains in older adults; iv) load-velocity regression equations allow estimating with high accuracy the training load in older adults; v) 10% VL is more efficient to induce muscular and functional gains than 20% VL since it needs less training volume; however, 20% VL appears to be necessary to optimize gains. Therefore, the results of the thesis suggest that manipulating the RT volume based on monitoring VL presents itself as an effective and efficient approach to improving strength, power, and functional capacity in older adults. Future studies should follow the defined research lines to strengthen the knowledge on this topic.
- O Treino de Força no Futsal: Uma Nova Abordagem MetodológicaPublication . Marques, Diogo Luís Sequeira Torgal; Marques, Mário António Cardoso; Travassos, Bruno Filipe RamaUm programa de treino de força combinado com exercícios de pliometria, apresenta-se como uma metodologia efetiva na melhoria do desempenho físico de desportistas de diversas idades e modalidades. No entanto, no futsal não existem estudos que evidenciem os benefícios deste método de treino. O propósito do presente estudo consistiu em avaliar os efeitos de 6 semanas de treino de força com cargas baixas a moderadas e reduzido volume de treino, combinado com exercícios de pliometria na melhoria de diversas variáveis neuromusculares de jogadores de futsal sub20. Vinte e um jogadores de futsal foram divididos em dois grupos: um de controlo (GC, n = 10) e um de treino de força combinado com treino pliométrico (GF+P, n = 11). O GF+P realizou duas sessões de treino semanais constituídas pelo exercício prensa de pernas com cargas baixas a moderadas (45-65% 1RM) e baixo volume (2-3 séries e 5-6 repetições), sprints, saltos verticais e em profundidade, e um exercício de mudanças de direcção, mais três treinos de futsal, enquanto que o GC realizou apenas três treinos de futsal. O tempo do sprint nos parciais 0-10 (T10), 10-20 (T10-20) e 0-20 m (T20), a altura do salto vertical com contramovimento (SCM), o tempo no Teste-T, a velocidade de saída da bola (VSB) e a força máxima dinâmica no exercício prensa de pernas horizontal (PPH) foram avaliados antes (Pré-treino) e após (Pós-treino) o programa de treino. Depois de 6 semanas, verificaram-se melhorias significativas no SCM, VSB e PPH no GF+P, enquanto que no GC verificou-se um diminuição significativa no parcial de sprint T10-20. No Pós-treino, foram ainda observadas no GF+P correlações negativas significativas entre as variáveis T20 e SCM, T20 e PPH, e Teste-T e PPH, bem como uma correlação positiva significativa entre as varáveis T20 e Teste-T. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo sugerem que a realização de um programa de treino de força com baixo volume e cargas suaves, combinado com exercícios de saltos e velocidade, em conjunto com os treinos de futsal semanais, produz efeitos positivos em diversas variáveis neuromusculares (i.e. desempenho físico) de jogadores de futsal sub20.
- Acute effects of low and high-volume resistance training on hemodynamic, metabolic and neuromuscular parameters in older adultsPublication . Marques, Diogo Luís; Neiva, Henrique; Faíl, Luís Brandão; Gil, Maria Helena; Marques, MCObjective: To analyze the acute effects of low or high-volume resistance training (RT) on hemodynamic, metabolic and neuromuscular parameters in institutionalized older adults. Methods: Thirty-one subjects (78.9 ± 7.2 years old) performed two RT protocols (low versus high-volume), separated by one-week rest. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentration ([La-]) were evaluated before and immediately after both RT protocols. The seated medicine ball throw (SMBT) was evaluated before and 5 min after both sessions, the countermovement jump (CMJ) height was evaluated before and 6 min after both RT protocols and the absolute handgrip strength (HGS) was evaluated before and 7 min after both RT protocols. Results: At baseline, no significant differences between RT protocols were found in all variables. After training session, both RT protocols induced significant increases in SBP (low versus high-volume: 5.3% vs 10.7%), DBP (5.9% vs 6.8%), HR (6.8% vs 17.9%) and [La-] (86.1% vs 200.0%). Moreover, the high-volume protocol induced significant decreases in SMBT (−2.5%) and CMJ (−8.3%), whilst the low-volume protocol significantly increased the HGS (3.4%). Conclusions: Both RT protocols induced significant acute responses on cardiovascular and metabolic parameters, as well as on neuromuscular function in institutionalized older adults. However, a greater acute response after the high-volume RT protocol was found, thus reflecting greater hemodynamic, metabolic and neuromuscular stress than low-volume RT. Moreover, low-volume RT showed an acute increase in general strength.