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- Exploration of the Age-Category Soccer Performance Effects During Ball Possession Small-Sided GamesPublication . Nunes, Nuno André; Gonçalves, Bruno; Fenner, Jonathan SJ; Owen, Adam Lee; Travassos, BrunoSmall-sided games have been adopted as an integral part of soccer training, however, the use of task constraints by the coach and the action capabilities of both players and teams require further investigation. The aim of this investigation was to explore the age-category effects (under-11: U11, under-15: U15 and under-23: U23) on external training workloads (total distance covered, distance covered while walking, running and sprinting, number of sprints and maximum sprint speed), internal training load metrics (rate of perceived exertion, RPE) and tactical individual actions (passing number with dominant and non-dominant foot, and max passing speed) during 4 vs. 4 ball possession small-sided game constrained within three different playing areas (small: 20 x 15 m, medium: 25 x 20 m, and large: 30 x 25 m). Results revealed substantial differences (all p < .001) for each specific playing area observed across many of the external workload measures. For every area analysed, U23 players covered more distance walking, whereas U11 and U15 players covered more distances at higher intensities. Additionally, significant differences were found for the RPE (small playing area: p = .001; large playing area: p < .001) with U23 and U15 players showing higher scores compared with U11 ones. It can be concluded that a 4 vs. 4 ball possession small-sided game can provide different performance related stimuli to players, depending on age category and the playing surface area. Therefore, coaches and individuals involved with training and development of soccer players across all age groups should be aware of the key variables highlighted in this study before planning training drills
- Effects of numerical unbalance constraints on workload and tactical individual actions during ball possession small-sided soccer games across different age groupsPublication . Nunes, Nuno André; Gonçalves, Bruno; Roca, André; Travassos, BrunoThis study aimed to examine the effects of age group (under-11, under-15, and under-23) on the external, internal workloads, and tactical individual actions when playing 4v2, 4v4, and 4v6 ball possession small-sided soccer games. Data were analysed separately under the opponent perspective (4vX) and by the cooperation perspective, according to teammates (4v2+X). For all opponent formats, statistical differences were found for walking, with older age groups covering longer distances. Higher running distances were found in 4v4 game format for U11s, while U23s reported higher RPE scores in 4v4 and 4v6 formats. More passes were performed in 4v2 and 4v4 game formats for U11s and a higher maximum passing speed in 4v6 format for U15s and U23s. In the cooperation perspective, statistical differences were found for all external workload variables: U11s covered more distances while sprinting, whereas U23s walked more, perceiving the task as more intense. Similarly, U11s performed a higher amount of tactical individual actions also in every format. Younger players seem to benefit from a lower level of opposition to mature tactical individual actions, while older players can develop fast ball circulation in numerical inferiority.
- Efeitos da Manipulação da Relação Numérica e do Espaço de Jogo na Posse de Bola em Diferentes Escalões Etários no FutebolPublication . Nunes, Nuno André Pinto; Travassos, Bruno Filipe Rama; Gonçalves, Bruno Sérgio Varandaobjetivo desta investigação foi verificar os efeitos da variação da relação numérica e do espaço do jogo na carga externa, percepção de esforço e na ação tática individual do passe em jovens jogadores de futebol Sub-11, Sub-15 e Sub-23. Para isso, jogos reduzidos 4v2, 4v3, 4v4, 4v5 e 4v6 em posse de bola foram utilizados em diferentes espaços (pequeno, médio e grande). Em igualdade numérica (4v4), os resultados mostraram que a corrida de alta intensidade foi promovida em áreas de jogo maiores, onde os Sub-11 também foram capazes de executar mais ações de passe. Por outro lado, os Sub-23 realizaram mais ações de passe em áreas menores, onde os Sub-11 percecionaram o exercício mais intenso. Na análise da relação numérica, jogar em situações de alta inferioridade (4v2 e 4v6) aumenta a exigência física da equipa em número reduzido, enquanto formatos de baixa superioridade podem ser utilizados para ajustar a complexidade da tarefa enquanto se desenvolvem as ações táticas individuais de passe. Ao manipular o tamanho do campo em desigualdade numérica, formatos com áreas de jogo maiores e maior número de jogadores envolvidos estimula a corrida de alta intensidade, enquanto a mesma área com menor número de jogadores incita o desenvolvimento de ações táticas individuais. Também, áreas menores permitem reduzir o ritmo de jogo, especialmente em formatos de menor número. Na análise dos efeitos da idade, jogadores Sub-11 percorreram maiores distâncias em sprint, enquanto os Sub-23 caminharam mais e percecionaram a tarefa mais intensa. Jovens jogadores parecem beneficiar de um nível de oposição mais baixo, permitindo desenvolver as ações táticas individuais de passe sem pressão; inversamente, jogadores mais velhos parecem favorecer de formatos de inferioridade numérica para desenvolver a circulação rápida da bola. Treinadores e profissionais envolvidos no treino e desenvolvimento de jogadores de futebol em todas as faixas etárias devem estar cientes das principais variáveis destacadas nesta investigação antes de planear os treinos.
- How playing area dimension and number of players constrain football performance during unbalanced ball possession gamesPublication . Nunes, Nuno André; Gonçalves, Bruno; Coutinho, Diogo; Nakamura, Fábio Yuso; Travassos, BrunoThe aim of this investigation was to analyse the external workload, tactical individual actions of passing, and perceived internal load during unbalanced small-sided games. Ball possession formats (4v3, 4v4 and 4v5) were played in three different playing area dimensions (20 × 15m, 25 × 20m and 30 × 25m) by under-23 football players. Data were analysed under opposition-based perspective, by fixing one team (4vX), and by cooperation-based perspective according to teammates (4v2+X) for each playing area condition. GPS monitors were used to collect and compute external workloads (distance covered while walking, running, sprinting, and maximal speed) and tactical individual actions (passing with dominant and non-dominant foot, and maximum passing speed), and Borg Scale CR10 to evaluate rating of perceived exertion (RPE). On both opposition- and cooperation-based perspectives, significant differences were found on external workload variables for all game formats, with smaller areas associated with more distances covered while walking and larger areas with running and sprinting. Likewise, 4v3, 4v4 and 4v2 + 3 revealed significant differences for tactical individual actions, where a larger area was associated with an increase in repetitions. Medium playing area, for both perspectives, was associated with a higher RPE. Overall, larger playing areas with higher number of players involved promoted more high-intensity running, while the same area with fewer number of players fostered tactical individual actions. Smaller areas allowed to reduce game pace, especially in formats with fewer players. Different unbalance scenarios under dissimilar playing area dimensions promote diverse performance outcomes on player’s action capabilities.