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- Trends in Standardization Towards 6GPublication . Nidhi; Khan, Bahram; Mihovska, Albena; Prasad, Ramjee; Velez, Fernando J.Mobile networks have always been an indispensable part of a fully connected digital society. The industry and academia have joined hands to develop technologies for the anticipated future wireless communication. The predicted Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and use cases for the 6G networks have raised the bar high. 6G networks are developing to provide the required infrastructure for many new devices and services. The 6G networks are conceptualized to partially inherit 5G technologies and standards but they will open the ground for innovations. This study provides the vision and requirements for beyond 5G (B5G) networks and emphasizes our vision on the required standards to reach a fully functional and interoperable 6G era in general. We highlight various KPIs and enabling technologies for the B5G networks. In addition, standardization activities and initiatives concerning challenges in the se of spectrum are diuscussed in detail.
- Overview of Network Slicing: Business and Standards Perspective for Beyond 5G NetworksPublication . Khan, Bahram; Nidhi; Mihovska, Albena; Prasad, Ramjee; Velez, Fernando J.The deployment of fifth-generation wireless communications (5G) networks brought a significant difference in the data rate and throughput to the wireless systems. It ensures ultra-low latency and high reliability. In particular, Network Slicing (NS), one of the enablers for the 5G phase-II and beyond, has opened enormous opportunities for the Communications Service Provider (CSPs). NS allows CSPs to create independent virtual networks in the same physical network to guarantee high service levels. This paper provides an overview of the advances in NS from the perspective of the business opportunities and associated standardization activities. Standardization is critical in research as it intends to maintain interoperability among multi-vendor scenarios in telcos. We emphasize highlighting the technical facets of slicing within the business implementation and industry standardization process. Additionally, we address the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) to NS-enabled future networks deployments. A set of use cases and the underlying specific requirements challenges are discussed as well. Finally, future research directions are addressed in detail.
- Cost Revenue Trade-off for the 5G NR Small Cell Network in the Sub-6 GHz Operating BandPublication . Khan, Bahram; Nidhi; Paulo, Rui R.; Mihovska, Albena D.; Velez, Fernando J.G Radio Access Network (RAN) dis-aggregation has opened up opportunities toward the 2nd phase of 5G. 3GPP and Telecom industries have defined backhaul, fronthaul, and mid-haul transport interfaces, as well as functional splits to incorporate network flexibility and openness. In this work, splits 6 and 7 (7.2) of 3GPP are addressed for implementing sub-6 GHz future wireless mobile communication networks. The 5G-air-simulator has been considered to simulate New Radio 2.6 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and 5.62 GHz frequency bands by using Video (VI) and Video plus Best-Effort (VI+BE) with the Proportional Fair (PF) packet scheduler. The split 6 is ideal for small cell deployment, while split 7, (mainly sub-split 7.2) requires high fiber capacity, which may increase the price of the fronthaul. In the simulations, we have considered a uniform user distribution and reuse pattern three. By assuming a set of cost parameters and a given price for the traffic, we have analysed the cost/revenue trade-off of outdoor pico/micro cells, while comparing the implementation of functional splits 6 and 7 with scenarios without splitting. It is shown that, for all bands, for cell radii up to 500-600 m the split 6 and 7 provides higher revenue and profit compared to the case without splitting (with slight advantage for split 7).
- Deployment of Beyond 4G Wireless Communication Networks with Carrier AggregationPublication . Khan, Bahram; Velez, Fernando J.With the growing demand for new blend of applications, the user’s dependency on the Internet is increasing day by day. Mobile Internet users are giving more attention to their own experience, especially in terms of communication reliability, high data rate and service stability on the move. This increase in the demand is causing saturation of existing radio frequency bands. To address these challenges, many researchers are finding the best approach, Carrier Aggregation (CA) is one of the newest innovations which seems to fulfil the demands of future spectrum, CA is one the most important feature for Long Term Evolution - Advanced. In direction to get the upcoming International Mobile Telecommunication Advanced (IMT-Advanced) mobile requirements 1 Gb/s peak data rate, the CA scheme is presented by 3GPP to sustain high data rate using widespread frequency bandwidth up to 100 MHz. Technical issues containing the aggregation structure, its implementation, deployment scenarios, control signal technique and challenges for CA technique in LTE-Advanced, with consideration backward compatibility are highlighted. Performance evaluation in macrocellular scenarios through a simulation approach shows the benefits of applying CA and low-complexity multi-band schedulers in service quality and system capacity enhancement. The Enhanced multi-band scheduler is less complex than the General multi-band scheduler and performs better for cell radius longer than 1800 m (and a PLR threshold of 2%).
- Fractal Patch Antenna based on Crystal Photonic applied to Intelligent Transportation Systems in the 40 GHz Millimeter WavebandPublication . Bagheri, Nila; Khan, Bahram; Teixeira, Emanuel; Velez, Fernando J.5G (and beyond) has very high bandwidth, short latency, better quality of service, and the right amount of capacity. Technological breakthroughs in mobile communication systems user equipments operating in the millimeter wavebands imply a high gain to compensate the effect of path loss. In this work, a novel photonic crystal-based microstrip patch antenna array with high gain is designed to be used in the next generation intelligent transportation ssytems, e.g., V2X, and other exciting applications. The Photonic Band Gap (PBG) structure and Finite Element Method were considered. By using the High Frequency Structure Simulation (HFSS) software, a fractal microstrip patch antenna operating in the U-band of the electromagnetic spectrum is conceived and modeled on a two-dimensional photonic crystal. The use of the PBG structure improves the antenna’s gain and bandwidth, while the antenna’s fractal form decreases its size and improves its input impedance. The operational frequency range is 41.72-45.12 GHz with a resonant band centered at 43.26 GHz. The proposed antenna is comprised of a 0.45 mm thick copper ground plane, a 0.9 mm thick FR-4 epoxy substrate with a relative transmittance of 4.4, and a 0.45 mm thick copper antenna patch. The achieved frequency band gain is 8.95 dBi.
- Multicarrier Waveform Candidates for Beyond 5GPublication . khan, Bahram; Velez, Fernando J.To fulfil the requirements of 5G vision of “everything everywhere and always connected”, a new waveform must contain the features to support a greater number of users on high data rate. Although Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been widely used in the 4th generation, but it can hardly meet the needs of 5G vision. However, many waveforms have been proposed to cope with new challenges. In this paper, we have presented a comparative analysis of several waveform candidates (FBMC, GFDM, UFMC, F-OFDM) on the basis of complexity, hardware design and other valuable characteristics. Filter based waveforms have much better Out of Band Emission (OoBE) as compared to OFDM. However, F-OFDM has smaller filter length compared to filter-based waveforms and provides better transmission with multiple antenna system without any extra processing, while providing flexible frequency multiplexing, shorter latency and relaxed synchronization as compared to other waveforms.
- Inovação no Desenvolvimento do Curso Online Acessível a Todos (MOOC) sobre “Redes Ultra-densas 5G e sua Evolução”Publication . Lopez-Morales, Manuel J.; Urquiza, David; Gonzalez-Morin, Diego; Nidhi, Nidhi; Khan, Bahram; Kooshki, Farinaz; Al-Sakkaf, Ahmed; Leyva, Leonardo; Farkhari, Hamed; Medda, Daniele; Seitanidis, Ilias-Nektarios; Abu-Sabah, Ayman; Viana, Joseanne; Cumino, Pedro; Gil-Jimenez, Victor P.; Garcia, Maria J. Fernandez-Getino; Morales-Cespedes, Máximo; García Armada, Ana; Velez, Fernando J.Muitos dos novos dispositivos de comunicações móveis serão aparelhos que alimentam e monitorizam as nossas casas, infraestruturas urbanas e transportes. Controlar drones a milhares de quilómetros de distância, realizar cirurgias remotas ou estar imerso em vídeo com latência reduzida transformará certamente o acesso às tecnologias de informação e comunicação digitais. Estes são alguns dos aspetos que tornarão a quinta geração das comunicações móveis (5G) uma revolução, um impulso para a economia, e o foco de todos os intervenientes atuais na área das telecomunicações. Com este intuito, o planeamento e a crescente densidade de implantação destas novas redes introduzem novos desafios de otimização. Que elementos serão adicionados em relação às gerações anteriores? Baseados num Curso Online Acessível a Todos (MOOC) anteriormente desenvolvido na UC3M (UC3M Staff, 2022), o MOOC sobre redes ultra-densas 5G e sua evolução foi elaborado pelos investigadores da Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) ITN/ETN Europeia (teamUp5G Reserachers, 2022), denominada TeamUp5G (Teamup5G, 2022; Pérez Leal et al., 2020) e apresenta as tecnologias mais importantes que suportam comunicações móveis 5G, com ênfase no aumento de capacidade e redução de energia, que facilitam o desenvolvimento de redes com pequenas células. Os conteúdos abrangem aspectos desde tecnologias de comunicação até casos de utilização, prototipagem e o futuro próximo, sem esquecer questões como a gestão de interferência, eficiência energética ou gestão de espectro. O objetivo do MOOC (TeamUp5G, 2022) é preencher a lacuna na aprendizagem ao nível dos estudos de graduação e pós-graduação, em conteúdos relacionados com tecnologias 5G emergentes e suas aplicações, incluindo a 6G futura. O público-alvo envolve engenheiros, investigadores, profissionais e estudantes. O artigo descreve o conteúdo e os resultados de aprendizagem do MOOC, as principais tarefas e recursos envolvidos na sua criação, as contribuições conjuntas do setor académico e não académico, e aspectos como a conformidade relativamente aos direitos de autor, garantia de qualidade, testes e detalhes sobre comunicação e inscrição, seguidos da discussão das lições extraídas.
- Study of Indoor Small Cell DeploymentsPublication . Paulo, Rui R.; Velez, Fernando J.; Khan, BahramThis work aims at studying the indoor deployment of small cells, also known as femtocells, to provide coverage to a 5 × 5 grid geometry. The number of deployed HeNBs is 4, 5, or 6. An updated version of LTE-Sim is considered to extract values for Exponential Effective SINR Mapping (EESM), Packet Loss Ratio (PLR), maximum number of supported users, goodput and delay. Results reveal that the use of four HeNBs corresponds to the highest values of EESM. For the considered geometry, 3GPP suggested a maximum of five HeNBs. However, this deployment shows worser performance compared to the topology with four HeNBs. The geometry with six HeNBs is the one with the best overall performance results for the 5 × 5 grid of apartments.
- Massive Online Open Course (MOOC) on ‘Ultra-dense Networks for 5G and its Evolution’Publication . Lopez-Morales, Manuel J.; Urquiza, David; Gonzalez-Morin, Diego; Nidhi, Nidhi; Khan, Bahram; Kooshki, Farinaz; Al-Sakkaf, Ahmed; Leyva, Leonardo; Farkhari, Hamed; Medda, Daniele; Seitanidis, Ilias-Nektarios; Abu-Sabah, Ayman; Viana, Joseanne; Cumino, Pedro; Gil-Jimenez, Victor P.; Garcia, Maria J. Fernandez-Getino; Morales-Cespedes, Máximo; García Armada, Ana; Velez, Fernando J.Many of the new mobile communication devices will be things that power and monitor our homes, city infrastructure and transport. Controlling drones thousands of miles away, performing remote surgeries or being immersed in video with no latency will also be a huge game changer. Those are some ofthe few things that make the fifth generation (5G) a revolution expected to be a thrust to the economy. To that end, the design and density of deployment of new networks is also changing becoming more dense, what introduces new challenges into play. What else will it add to previous generations? The MOOC about Ultra-dense networks for 5G and its evolution has been prepared by the researchers of an European MSCA ITN, named TeamUp5G, and introduces the most important technologies that support 5G mobile communications, with an emphasis on increasing capacity and reducing power. The content spans from aspects of communication technologies to use cases, prototyping and the future ahead, not forgetting issues like interference man agement, energy efficiency or spectrum management. The aim of the MOOC is to fill the gap in graduation and post-graduation learning on content related to emerging 5G technologies and its applications, including the future 6G. The target audience involves engineers, researchers, practitioners and students. This paper describes the content and the learning outcomes of the MOOC, the main tasks and resources involved in its creation, the joint contributions from the academic and non-academic sector, and aspects like copyright compliance, quality assurance, testing and details on communication and enrollment, followed by the discussion of the lessons learned.
- A Study on Cross-Carrier Scheduler for Carrier Aggregation in Beyond 5G NetworksPublication . Nidhi; Khan, Bahram; Mihovska, Albena; Prasad, Ramjee; Velez, Fernando J.Carrier Aggregation (CA) allows the network and User Equipment (UE) to aggregate carrier frequencies in licensed, unlicensed, or Shared Access (SA) bands of the same or different spectrum bands to boost the achieved data rates. This work aims to provide a detailed study on CA techniques for 5G New Radio (5G NR) networks while elaborating on CA deployment scenarios, CA-enabled 5G networks, and radio resource management and scheduling techniques. We analyze cross-carrier scheduling schemes in CA-enabled 5G networks for Downlink (DL) resource allocation. The requirements, challenges, and opportunities in allocating Resource Blocks (RBs) and Component Carriers (CCs) are addressed. The study and analysis of various multi-band scheduling techniques are made while maintaining that high throughput and reduced power usage must be achieved at the UE. Finally, we present CA as the critical enabler to advanced systems while discussing how it meets the demands and holds the potential to support beyond 5G networks, followed by discussing open issues in resource allocation and scheduling techniques.