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- Effects of order and sequence of resistance and endurance training on body fat in elementary school-aged girlsPublication . Alves, Ana R.; Marta, Carlos C.; Neiva, Henrique; Izquierdo, Mikel; Marques, Mário CThe purpose of this study was to analyse the effects of order and sequence of concurrent resistance and endurance training on body fat percentage (BFP) in a large sample of elementary school-aged girls. One hundred and twenty-six healthy girls, aged 10-11 years (10.95 ± 0.48 years), were randomly assigned to six groups to perform different training protocols per week for 8 weeks: Resistance-only (R), Endurance-only (E), Concurrent Distinct Endurance-Resistance (CDER), Concurrent Parallel Endurance-Resistance (CPER), Concurrent Parallel Resistance-Endurance (CPRE), and a Control group (C). In R and E, the subjects performed single sessions of resistance or endurance exercises, respectively (two days per week). In CDER, resistance-endurance training was performed on different days each week (four days per week). CPER and CPRE performed single-session combined endurance-resistance training or combined resistance-endurance training, respectively, each week (two days per week). After an 8-week training period, BFP decreased in all experimental groups (CPER: 13.3%, p< 0.05; CPRE: 13.8%, p<0.001; E: 1.9%, p>0.05; R: 5.0%, p>0.05; and CDER: 5.6%, p>0.05). However, a significant difference was found in CPER and CPRE when compared to CDER, E, and R, indicating that training sequence may influence BFP. All programmes were effective, but CPER and CPRE obtained better results for BFP than CDER, E, or R. The effects of concurrent resistance and endurance training on body fat percentage can be mediated by order and sequence of exercise. These results provide insight into optimization of school-based fat loss exercise programmes in childhood.
- Concurrent training in prepubertal children: different combination approaches between resistance and aerobic training in physical fitness variablesPublication . Alves, Ana Sofia Ruivo; Marques, Mário António Cardoso; Marta, Carlos Jorge de Aquino CavaleiroConcurrent training has been investigated over the last three decades, amongst scientific community. This is an interesting topic for researchers due to the controversial results in literature, specifically in a school environment. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to analyze the effects of different combination approaches between resistance and aerobic training on explosive strength and aerobic capacity in a large sample of prepubertal children. Additionally, we intended to investigate the effects of training exercise mode alone on overall physical fitness in prepubertal children. For the accomplishment of these purposes the following sequence was used: i) reviewing the available literature; ii) assessing three different training methods (intra-session concurrent training, concurrent training in different sessions, and resistance training alone) and analyzing their effects on explosive strength and VO2max adaptations; iii) comparing two different intra-session concurrent training sequences on explosive strength and VO2max during 8-weeks training period; iv) proposing multiple linear regression models for determining distinct strength parameters and VO2max performances according to specific training programs with 8-weeks duration. The main conclusions found suggest that i) there is a limited research on training-induced physical fitness variables in prepubertal children; ii) the concurrent training performed in different sessions can be performed without implications on prepubertal children’ growth, as it is also effective for training-induced explosive strength and VO2max; iii) the concurrent training (intra-session or different sessions) and resistance training alone provide similar neuromuscular adaptations in prepubertal girls and boys; iv) the intra-session concurrent training, regardless the order, improve prepubertal children performance on explosive strength and VO2max; v) it is possible to develop indirect predictive models for each training method with 8-weeks duration. Our findings provide useful remarks about the effects of different combination approaches between resistance and aerobic training on explosive strength and aerobic capacity in prepubertal children. These results can be helpful for coaches, teachers and researchers to optimize explosive strength and cardiorespiratory fitness training in sports club and school-based programs, as well as a reliable source for further researches.
- Correlations between biomechanical variables and sprint time of 30mPublication . Gil, Maria Helena Gonçalves; Marques, MC; Neiva, Henrique; Mendes, Pedro; Sousa, António; Alves, Ana Ruivo; Branquinho, Luís; Faíl, Luís Brandão; Pinto, Diogo; Marques, Diogo; Graça, Cláudia; Marinho, DanielIntroduction: Sprinting contributes to successful performance in the wide range of sporting activities. It’s known that sprinting speed is defined with the frequency and the length of strides (Čoh, Tomažin & Rausavljević, 2007). According Bezodias et al. (2008) the frequency of stride (FS) was a more important contributor to the velocity increase in sprint performance, however for Mackala (2007) the length of stride (LS) was a more significant variable. The aim of this study is to determine if different types of heating can interfere with the frequency and length variability of the stride. Methods: 22 young men participated in this study (age: 19.32±1.43 years; height: 176±67cm; weight: 68.48±9.91kg). The study followed a randomized protocol and the subjects were submitted to three warm-up protocols: without warm-up, typical warm-up and warm-up with post-activation potentiation (PAP). Results: The results reveal a strong correlations between the sprint time of 30m and the frequency of stride and length of stride. Discussion: Regardless of the type of warm-up, we can observe that the frequency and length stride are relevant factors that contribute to sprint time performance. The results corroborated with other studies indicating that maximum speed results from an optimal ratio between stride frequency and stride length. Conclusion: The frequency and length of stride were shown to be two influential factors in the sprint time of 30m. We suggest that future studies include exercises on warm-up that stimulate the frequency and amplitude of stride, in order to verify which of the variables has the greatest impact on sprint performance.
- Concurrent training in prepubertal children: An updatePublication . Alves, Ana R.; Marta, Carlos C.; Neiva, Henrique; Izquierdo, Mikel; Marques, MCThis paper affords an update review over the state of art regarding the importance of physical fitness and the significance of different combination approaches between resistance and aerobic training, as well as conditioning methods exercise alone on physical fitness improvements, specifically explosive strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in prepubertal children. The main research conclusions can be summarized as: i) Resistance training can be reliable to improve muscle strength in prepubertal children; ii) A proper and quantifiable exercise frequency and intensity in aerobic training remains unclear; iii) No differences have been found between prepubertal girls and boys on strength and aerobic capacity improvements after intra- session concurrent training , resistance or aerobic training alone; iv) In adults, concurrent resistance and aerobic training seems to be more effective on improvements of aerobic capacity than aerobic training alone; v) Aerobic training biomechanically specific to the concurrent resistance training may minimize adaptation interference when concurrently training; vi) In adolescents, concurrent resistance and aerobic training is equally effective to improve explosive strength compared to resistance training alone, and more efficient in aerobic capacity than resistance training alone; vii) Optimum training sequence was determined by the individual purposes of the training program; viii) Performing aerobic prior to resistance training produces endurance gains, while performing resistance prior to aerobic training appears to be more adequate to obtain strength improvements; ix) In adults, performing concurrent training in different sessions seems to be more effective to improve muscular strength than intra-session concurrent training. These results can be helpful for coaches, teachers and researchers to optimize explosive strength and cardiorespiratory fitness training in sports club and school-based programs, as well as a reliable source for further researches
- Effects of Suspension Versus Traditional Resistance Training on Explosive Strength in Elementary School-Aged BoysPublication . Marta, Carlos C.; Alves, Ana R.; Esteves, Pedro Tiago; Casanova, Natalina; Marinho, Daniel; Neiva, Henrique; Aguado-Jimenez, Roberto; Alonso-Martínez, Alicia M.; Izquierdo, Mikel; Marques, MCPurpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of an 8-week program of resistance training (RT) or suspension training (ST) on explosive strength in prepubescent boys. Methods: Fifty-seven boys aged 10–11 years were assigned to 2 training groups, RT or ST or a control group (no training program). Boys trained twice weekly for 8 weeks. Results: A significant interaction was reported with a large (P < .001, η2p = .463), medium (P < .001, η2p = .395), and small effect sized (P ≤ .001, η2p = .218) in the 1-kg ball throw, 3-kg ball throw, and time-at-20-m test, respectively. There was no significant interaction in the countermovement vertical jump or the standing long jump. Changes from preintervention to postintervention for the 1-kg ball throw were 5.94% and 5.82% for the ST and RT, respectively, and 8.82% and 8.14% in the 3-kg ball throw for the ST and RT, respectively. The improvement in the 20-m sprint was 1.19% for the ST and 2.33% for the RT. Conclusion: Traditional RT and ST seem to be effective methods for improving explosive strength in prepubescent boys. ST could be considered as an alternative modality to optimize explosive strength training in school-based programs.
- Concurrent training and detraining: brief review on the effect of exercise intensitiesPublication . Sousa, António C.; Neiva, Henrique; Izquierdo, Mikel; Cadore, Eduardo; Alves, Ana Ruivo; Marinho, DanielConcurrent resistance and aerobic training (CT) has been applied to optimize both strength and aerobic performance. However, it should be carefully prescribed, as there are some factors, as the training intensity, which have strong influence on training adaptations. Thus, we conducted a systematic review to analyze the scientific evidence regarding aerobic and resistance exercise intensities during CT and their effect on performance outcomes. The effects of exercise intensity on a subsequent detraining period were also assessed. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria, the risk of bias was assessed, and the percentage of changes and effect sizes were quantified. CT improved running times (10 m, 30 m and 10 km) and strength performance (one-repetition maximum, countermovement jump) regardless of exercise intensity used (4-47%, ES=0.4-2.8). Nevertheless, higher aerobic training intensities (≥ lactate threshold intensity) resulted in higher aerobic gains (5-10%, ES=0.3-0.6), and greater neuromuscular adaptations were found when higher resistance loads (≥ 70% of maximal strength) were used (10-14%, ES=0.4-1.3). Most training-induced gains were reversed after 2-4 weeks of detraining. Although further research is needed, it seems that higher intensities of aerobic or resistance training induce greater aerobic or neuromuscular gains, respectively. Nevertheless, it seems that higher resistance training loads should be combined with lower aerobic training intensities for increased strength gains and minimal losses after detraining.
- Modeling Fitness Variable Responses To Training In Prepubescent ChildrenPublication . Alves, Ana R.; Marta, Carlos C.; Neiva, Henrique; Nunes, Célia; Izquierdo, Mikel; Marques, MCThe aim of this study was to determine strength and oxygen uptake (VO2max) performances according to different training program intervention design with 8-weeks duration in prepubescent children through a multiple linear regression models. Two hundred and forty-five healthy prepubescent children (aged 10.9 ± 0.5 years) were randomly assigned to a specific training program (strength training only - S; aerobic training only - A; intra-session aerobic and strength training - AS; intra-session strength and aerobic training - SA; or concurrent training performed in different sessions - CT) or a control group (no training regimen - C). It was possible to develop indirect predictive models for each training method, by including each variable pre-training, body fat percentage and body mass index. The models provided explained 82% of variance in the VO2max, 98% in the 1kg ball-throw, 96% in the 3kg ball-throw, 92% in the counter-movement jump, 93% in the standing long jump and 98% in the 20m sprint performances. This novel approach to training evaluation and control aims to provide a tool to allow professionals to calculate changes with a high confidence level (CI 95%), to control gains and to choose the best training methodology to apply according to the defined purposes. The results of this study could be a great support to teachers, coaches and professionals providing important tools to improve the efficacy and individualization of training.