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Abstract(s)
Esta tese baseia-se na teoria crítica do valor, que é um desdobramento dos estudos de Marx e de diversos marxistas a respeito da formação de valor por meio do trabalho. Os teóricos da crítica do valor afirmam que a 3ª revolução industrial provocou modificações profundas na extração de mais-valia, tornando cada vez mais desnecessário o trabalho humano. Isto teria levado o sistema capitalista ao seu limite histórico, uma vez que para diversas correntes o trabalho humano é o único elemento criador de valor novo em termos econômicos. Deste modo, segundo a crítica do valor, o capitalismo está próximo de sua extinção; os autores desta corrente costumam apontar cada nova crise econômica como aquela que provocará o fim do modelo socioeconômico vigente. O fato de que tais previsões nunca se concretizaram levanta questões relativas a quão correta a teoria está. A tese busca demonstrar que, a despeito dos elementos observados por estes autores, ainda há valor novo sendo agregado à massa que compõe a economia mundial, o que permite a sobrevida do sistema capitalista – ao contrário do que era previsto inicialmente. Isto leva à necessidade de revisar algumas das categorias marxistas (e, por extensão, as da própria crítica do valor) no que diz respeito a como o trabalho humano é essencial para a geração de valor nas mercadorias. A tese explora a ideia de redefinir trabalho e valor, em sentido econômico, para uma conceituação mais próxima das ciências naturais – o que permite compatibilizar os dados estatísticos atuais com elementos das teorias econômicas não marginalistas. Este raciocínio deve conduzir a um deslocamento de perspectiva nos estudos de economia política: a conclusão defendida na tese é de que o sistema capitalista seria melhor compreendido se fosse estudado como fenômeno estocástico e modo de organização logística, em contraposição ao foco tradicionalmente dado em seus aspectos lógicos, éticos ou metafísicos.
This thesis is based on the value criticism theory (or critique of value), which is an offshoot of Marx’s and several Marxists’ studies regarding the formation of value through labor. Several critique of value theorists claim that the 3rd industrial revolution caused profound changes in the extraction of surplus value, making human labor increasingly unnecessary. This would have taken the capitalist system to its historical limit, since for several schools of thought human labor is the only element that creates new value in economic terms. Thus, according to the critique of value, capitalism is close to its extinction; the authors of this school tend to point to each new economic crisis as the one that will bring about the end of the current socioeconomic model. The fact that such predictions never came to fruition raises questions about how correct the theory is. The thesis seeks to demonstrate that, despite the elements observed by these authors, there is still new value being added to the mass that makes up the global economy, which allows the survival of the capitalist system - contrary to what was initially predicted. This raises the necessity to review some of the Marxist categories (and, by extension, those of the critique of value itself) regarding how human labor is essential for the generation of value in commodities. The thesis explores the idea of redefining work and value, in an economic sense, for a conceptualization closer to the natural sciences – which makes it possible to reconcile current statistical data with elements of non-marginalist economic theories. This reasoning should bring forth a shift in perspective on political economy studies: the conclusion defended in the thesis is that the capitalist system would be better understood if it were studied as a stochastic phenomenon and a form of logistical organization, as opposed to the focus traditionally given to its logical, ethical, or metaphysical aspects.
This thesis is based on the value criticism theory (or critique of value), which is an offshoot of Marx’s and several Marxists’ studies regarding the formation of value through labor. Several critique of value theorists claim that the 3rd industrial revolution caused profound changes in the extraction of surplus value, making human labor increasingly unnecessary. This would have taken the capitalist system to its historical limit, since for several schools of thought human labor is the only element that creates new value in economic terms. Thus, according to the critique of value, capitalism is close to its extinction; the authors of this school tend to point to each new economic crisis as the one that will bring about the end of the current socioeconomic model. The fact that such predictions never came to fruition raises questions about how correct the theory is. The thesis seeks to demonstrate that, despite the elements observed by these authors, there is still new value being added to the mass that makes up the global economy, which allows the survival of the capitalist system - contrary to what was initially predicted. This raises the necessity to review some of the Marxist categories (and, by extension, those of the critique of value itself) regarding how human labor is essential for the generation of value in commodities. The thesis explores the idea of redefining work and value, in an economic sense, for a conceptualization closer to the natural sciences – which makes it possible to reconcile current statistical data with elements of non-marginalist economic theories. This reasoning should bring forth a shift in perspective on political economy studies: the conclusion defended in the thesis is that the capitalist system would be better understood if it were studied as a stochastic phenomenon and a form of logistical organization, as opposed to the focus traditionally given to its logical, ethical, or metaphysical aspects.
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Keywords
Crítica do Valor Economia Política Filosofia da Tecnologia Marxismo Filósofo - Robert Kurz