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Abstract(s)
A Psicologia do Desporto tem como preocupação tentar identificar os efeitos psicológicos do comportamento humano em contextos desportivos e os efeitos psicológicos que a participação desportiva poderá ter nos seus participantes (Cruz, 1996a). O presente estudo visa identificar a orientação cognitiva e o perfil psicológico de prestação de jogadores masculinos de futebol de 11 profissional, em equipas de elite – Chelsea e Benfica – avaliando os skill psicológicos desses jogadores, procurando entender se há algum efeito Mourinho, distinguindo a amostra entre os que foram (ou não) treinados pelo treinador português, pesquisando assim sobre o efeito concreto de um treinador da actualidade – José Mourinho – reconhecido mundialmente pelos resultados positivos e consistentes obtidos nos últimos anos em qualquer clube e país por onde tem trabalhado.
Acompanhando o emergir de novas valências conceptuais e metodológicas decorrentes de distintas áreas, procedemos a uma recolha de matéria bibliográfica, visando aprofundar conhecimentos e reflectir sobre o PPP e as OC em contexto desportivo.
Procurando enriquecer o conteúdo desta obra, decidimos, além de uma abordagem a conteúdos já existentes na literatura, tentar seguir, inquestionavelmente, um “caminho” mais específico e qualitativo, através de entrevistas a pessoas ligadas ao futebol (Drogba, Petr Cech, Sá Pinto etc) e da aplicação directa de questionários a 29 jogadores profissionais, (21 jogadores do Chelsea e 8 jogadores do Benfica). Os questionários utilizados foram o Perfil Psicológico de Prestação, desenvolvido e validado por Loehr (1986) e traduzido para português por Vasconcelos-Raposo (1993) e o Teste de Orientação Cognitiva para a tarefa e para o ego, teste elaborado por Duda e Nicholls (1989), traduzido e adaptado para Português por Fonseca (1999). Os procedimentos estatísticos consideraram análises descritivas, comparativas e correlacionais.
Os valores obtidos nas variáveis para o total da amostra foram: Motivação (27.55+2.097), Auto- Confiança (26.83+2.494), Atitude Competitiva (26.03+2.758), Pensamentos Positivos (25.10+2.160), Atenção (25.07+3.046), Visualização (23.55+3.429), Pensamentos Negativos (22.24+2.824), Tarefa (4.23+0.493) e Ego (2.79+0.741).No que concerne à comparação entre Chelsea e Benfica, não se verificaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas sendo que também não foram verificadas evidências significativas entre os jogadores que foram e os que não foram treinados por Mourinho.
Uma das variáveis que permitiu maior diferenciação entre os factores psicológicos foi continente de origem. Essas diferenças foram encontradas ao nível da atenção.
No que concerne aos grupos de idade, verificamos diferenças estatísticas significativas ao nível da atenção e visualização. Constatamos que conforme a idade vai aumentando, aumenta também os níveis de atenção. A visualização apresenta os valores mais elevados nos jogadores mais novos e nos mais velhos, existindo assim uma fase intercalar onde foram observados os valores são baixos.
Ao nível da experiência competitiva, verificamos evidências estatisticamente significativas que nos levam a constatar que quanto maior é a experiência competitiva, mais elevados são os índices de atenção e auto-confiança dos jogadores.
Com base na presente investigação, sugerimos a necessidade de integrar mais sistematicamente o treino mental na preparação dos jogadores de elite do Chelsea e do Benfica, visando a maximização do rendimento e igualmente contribui para a identificação do estado ideal de prestação desportiva na modalidade de Futebol.
The Sport Psychology has its eyes on trying to identify the psychological effects of human behavior in sports contexts and psychological effects that sport participation can have on its participants (Cruz, 1996a). This study aims to identify the cognitive orientation and psychological profile of the provision of male soccer players, 11 professional teams in the elite - Chelsea and Benfica - evaluating the psychological skill of these players, trying to understand if there are any Mourinho, distinguishing between the sample those who were (or not) trained by the Portuguese coach, so searching on the net effect of a coach today - José Mourinho - recognized worldwide for their consistent and positive results obtained in recent years at any club and country for which it has worked. Following the emergence of new conceptual and methodological valences arising from different areas, we made a collection of bibliographic material, to deepen knowledge and reflect on the PPP and the OC in the sporting context. Seeking to enrich the contents of this work, we decided, and an approach to existing content in literature, try to follow unquestionably a "way" more specific and qualitatively, through interviews with people linked to football (Drogba, Petr Cech, Sá Pinto etc.) and direct application of questionnaires to 29 professional players (21 players from Chelsea and eight players from Benfica). The questionnaires used were the Psychological Performance, developed and validated by Loehr (1986) and translated into Portuguese by Vasconcelos-Raposo (1993) and the Test of Cognitive Orientation to the task and ego test, developed by Duda and Nicholls (1989 ), translated and adapted to Portuguese by Fonseca (1999). The statistical procedures considered descriptive analysis, comparative, and correlational. The values obtained in the variables for the total sample were: Motivation (27.55+2.097), Self-Reliance (26.83+2.494), Competitive Attitude (26.03+2.758), Positive Thoughts (25.10+2160), Attention (25.7+3.046), Visualization (23.55+3.429 ), Negative Thoughts (22.24+2824), Task (4.23+0.493) and Ego (2.79+0.741). Regarding the comparison between Chelsea and Benfica, there were no statistically significant differences were also not significant evidence was found among the players who were and those who were not coached by Mourinho. One of the variables that allowed for greater differentiation between the psychological factors was continent of origin. These differences were found at the level of attention. Regarding the age groups, we found statistically significant differences at the level of attention and visualization. We found that as age increases, also increases levels of attention. The display shows the highest values in younger players and older, so there is an intermediate stage where they were observed values are low. At the level of competitive experience, we found statistically significant evidence that leads us to see that the greater the competitive experience, the higher rates of attention and self-confidence of the players. Based on this research, we suggest the need to integrate further the mental training in preparation of the elite players from Chelsea and Benfica, aiming to maximize income and also helps to identify the ideal state of sporting provision in the form of Football.
The Sport Psychology has its eyes on trying to identify the psychological effects of human behavior in sports contexts and psychological effects that sport participation can have on its participants (Cruz, 1996a). This study aims to identify the cognitive orientation and psychological profile of the provision of male soccer players, 11 professional teams in the elite - Chelsea and Benfica - evaluating the psychological skill of these players, trying to understand if there are any Mourinho, distinguishing between the sample those who were (or not) trained by the Portuguese coach, so searching on the net effect of a coach today - José Mourinho - recognized worldwide for their consistent and positive results obtained in recent years at any club and country for which it has worked. Following the emergence of new conceptual and methodological valences arising from different areas, we made a collection of bibliographic material, to deepen knowledge and reflect on the PPP and the OC in the sporting context. Seeking to enrich the contents of this work, we decided, and an approach to existing content in literature, try to follow unquestionably a "way" more specific and qualitatively, through interviews with people linked to football (Drogba, Petr Cech, Sá Pinto etc.) and direct application of questionnaires to 29 professional players (21 players from Chelsea and eight players from Benfica). The questionnaires used were the Psychological Performance, developed and validated by Loehr (1986) and translated into Portuguese by Vasconcelos-Raposo (1993) and the Test of Cognitive Orientation to the task and ego test, developed by Duda and Nicholls (1989 ), translated and adapted to Portuguese by Fonseca (1999). The statistical procedures considered descriptive analysis, comparative, and correlational. The values obtained in the variables for the total sample were: Motivation (27.55+2.097), Self-Reliance (26.83+2.494), Competitive Attitude (26.03+2.758), Positive Thoughts (25.10+2160), Attention (25.7+3.046), Visualization (23.55+3.429 ), Negative Thoughts (22.24+2824), Task (4.23+0.493) and Ego (2.79+0.741). Regarding the comparison between Chelsea and Benfica, there were no statistically significant differences were also not significant evidence was found among the players who were and those who were not coached by Mourinho. One of the variables that allowed for greater differentiation between the psychological factors was continent of origin. These differences were found at the level of attention. Regarding the age groups, we found statistically significant differences at the level of attention and visualization. We found that as age increases, also increases levels of attention. The display shows the highest values in younger players and older, so there is an intermediate stage where they were observed values are low. At the level of competitive experience, we found statistically significant evidence that leads us to see that the greater the competitive experience, the higher rates of attention and self-confidence of the players. Based on this research, we suggest the need to integrate further the mental training in preparation of the elite players from Chelsea and Benfica, aiming to maximize income and also helps to identify the ideal state of sporting provision in the form of Football.
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Keywords
Psicologia do desporto Habilidades psicológicas Perfil psicológico Futebol
Pedagogical Context
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Universidade da Beira Interior