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Abstract(s)
O consumo de tabaco é classificado pela OMS como uma pandemia global, responsável
por cerca de 10 milhões de mortes anuais e considerado como a principal causa evitável
de doença e morte. A iniciação do consumo de tabaco acontece principalmente na
adolescência e, quanto mais precocemente ocorrer, mais graves serão as consequências
para a saúde. Conhecer melhor este comportamento, em especial na adolescência, é
fundamental para desenvolver programas efetivos de prevenção que evitem ou atrasem
a iniciação, o uso regular e a dependência de tabaco.
O presente estudo transversal, teve como finalidade investigar o impacto das crenças
sobre fumar no comportamento tabágico dos jovens portugueses. Foi aplicado um
questionário, já validado para essa população, em uma amostra representativa dos
alunos do 3º Ciclo e do Secundário de Portugal Continental, constituída por 3961
participantes, de 31 escolas selecionadas aleatoriamente, dos quais 58,6% do sexo
feminino, com idades compreendidas entre 12 e 21 anos (15,5± 1,82).
A maioria dos participantes (61,2%) afirmou nunca ter experimentado fumar, 38,8% já
experimentaram e 10,5% são fumadores regulares (fuma pelo menos uma vez por
semana). A idade de iniciação do comportamento tem um pico de aumento a partir dos
12 anos. A grande maioria (70,8%) declarara não ter intenção de fumar no futuro.
Através da Análise Fatorial das Crenças obteve-se três fatores “Crenças Pro” (favoráveis
a fumar), “Crenças Pro S” (favoráveis a fumar por motivos sociais) e “Crenças Contra”
(desfavoráveis a fumar).
Os participantes que não tinham intenção de fumar no futuro apresentam resultados
significativamente mais elevados nas “Crenças Contra” e menos elevados nas “Crenças
Pro” e “Crenças Pro S”.
Comparando os participantes que nunca fumaram com os que já experimentaram, os
primeiros têm resultados significativamente mais baixos nas “Crenças Pro” e mais
elevados nas “Crenças Contra” e nas “Crenças Pro S” (neste caso, contrariando o que
seria esperado).
A relação entre o comportamento e a intenção foi positiva, significativa e moderada.
As respostas aos itens das crenças revelam que muitos jovens têm crenças erradas ou têm
dúvidas (respostas “não sei”) sobre os efeitos de fumar.
A análise da relação dos itens (crenças) com o comportamento tabágico indica que os
itens das crenças “Pro” têm uma associação mais forte com o comportamento tabágico,
com destaque para as crenças que associam o fumar ao relaxamento. Concluindo, uma percentagem considerável de jovens já experimentou fumar e já fuma
regulamente. As diferenças entre jovens que nunca fumaram e os que já experimentaram
fumar indicam pistas importantes para prevenir o comportamento tabágico. Entre estas
pistas destacamos as que sugerem a importância de respostas adequadas de gestão das
emoções e do stress. Por fim, constatou-se que os programas de prevenção devem 1)
continuar a informar os jovens sobre as consequências prejudiciais do fumo, 2) combater
informações erradas sobre os seus supostos benefícios e 3) promover comportamentos
individuais mais adequados e medidas de saúde pública mais efetivas com o objetivo de
facilitar o modo como os jovens lidam com as suas necessidades e dificuldades,
nomeadamente, a gestão das emoções e do stress.
Tobacco use is classified by the WHO as a global pandemic, responsible for about 10 million deaths annually and considered to be the main preventable cause of illness and death. The initiation of tobacco consumption occurs mainly in adolescence and, the earlier it occurs, the more serious the health consequences will be. A better understanding of this behavior, especially in adolescence, is essential to develop effective prevention programs that avoid or delay the initiation, regular use, and dependence of tobacco. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the impact of beliefs about smoking on the smoking behavior of young Portuguese people. A survey, already validated for this population, was applied to a representative sample of students from the 3rd Cycle and Secondary School of Mainland Portugal, consisting of 3961 participants, from 31 randomly selected schools, of which 58.6% were female, aged between 12 and 21 years (Mean age = 15.5±1.82). Most participants (61.2%) said they had never tried smoking, 38.8% had already tried it and 10.5% were regular smokers (smoke at least once a week). The increase of behavior initiation has a peak starting at 12 years old. Regarding the intention to smoke in the future, 70.8% declared they had no intention. Through the Factorial Analysis of Beliefs, three factors were obtained “Pro Beliefs” (in favor of smoking), “Pro S Beliefs” (in favor of smoking for social reasons) and “Against Beliefs” (against smoking). Participants who had no intention to smoke in the future had significantly higher scores on “Against Beliefs” and lower scores on “Pro Beliefs” and “Pro S Beliefs”. Comparing participants who had never smoked with those who had already tried, the former has significantly lower results in "Pro Beliefs" and higher in "Against Beliefs" and "Pro S Beliefs" (in this case, contrary to what would be expected). The relationship between behavior and intention was positive, significant, and moderate. The answers to the beliefs’ items reveal that many young people have wrong beliefs or have doubts (“don't know” answers) about the effects of smoking. The relationship of items (beliefs) with smoking behavior indicates that items “Pro Beliefs” have the stronger association with smoking behavior, with emphasis on items that associate smoking with relaxation. In conclusion, a considerable percentage of young people have tried smoking and are already smoking regularly. The differences between young people who have never smoked and those who have tried smoking indicate important clues to prevent smoking behavior. Among these clues, we highlight those that suggest the importance of adequate responses for managing emotions and stress. Finally, these results suggest that prevention programs should 1) continue to inform young people about the harmful consequences of smoking, 2) address misinformation about its supposed benefits, and 3) promote more appropriate individual behaviors and more effective public health measures to facilitate the way in which young people deal with their needs and difficulties, namely, the management of emotions and stress.
Tobacco use is classified by the WHO as a global pandemic, responsible for about 10 million deaths annually and considered to be the main preventable cause of illness and death. The initiation of tobacco consumption occurs mainly in adolescence and, the earlier it occurs, the more serious the health consequences will be. A better understanding of this behavior, especially in adolescence, is essential to develop effective prevention programs that avoid or delay the initiation, regular use, and dependence of tobacco. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the impact of beliefs about smoking on the smoking behavior of young Portuguese people. A survey, already validated for this population, was applied to a representative sample of students from the 3rd Cycle and Secondary School of Mainland Portugal, consisting of 3961 participants, from 31 randomly selected schools, of which 58.6% were female, aged between 12 and 21 years (Mean age = 15.5±1.82). Most participants (61.2%) said they had never tried smoking, 38.8% had already tried it and 10.5% were regular smokers (smoke at least once a week). The increase of behavior initiation has a peak starting at 12 years old. Regarding the intention to smoke in the future, 70.8% declared they had no intention. Through the Factorial Analysis of Beliefs, three factors were obtained “Pro Beliefs” (in favor of smoking), “Pro S Beliefs” (in favor of smoking for social reasons) and “Against Beliefs” (against smoking). Participants who had no intention to smoke in the future had significantly higher scores on “Against Beliefs” and lower scores on “Pro Beliefs” and “Pro S Beliefs”. Comparing participants who had never smoked with those who had already tried, the former has significantly lower results in "Pro Beliefs" and higher in "Against Beliefs" and "Pro S Beliefs" (in this case, contrary to what would be expected). The relationship between behavior and intention was positive, significant, and moderate. The answers to the beliefs’ items reveal that many young people have wrong beliefs or have doubts (“don't know” answers) about the effects of smoking. The relationship of items (beliefs) with smoking behavior indicates that items “Pro Beliefs” have the stronger association with smoking behavior, with emphasis on items that associate smoking with relaxation. In conclusion, a considerable percentage of young people have tried smoking and are already smoking regularly. The differences between young people who have never smoked and those who have tried smoking indicate important clues to prevent smoking behavior. Among these clues, we highlight those that suggest the importance of adequate responses for managing emotions and stress. Finally, these results suggest that prevention programs should 1) continue to inform young people about the harmful consequences of smoking, 2) address misinformation about its supposed benefits, and 3) promote more appropriate individual behaviors and more effective public health measures to facilitate the way in which young people deal with their needs and difficulties, namely, the management of emotions and stress.
Description
Keywords
Comportamento Tabágico Crenças Sobre Fumar Intenção de Fumar Prevenção do Comportamento Tabágico