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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
A criação e a disseminação de conteúdos falsos, como ações de instrumentalização
política, sempre fez parte dos jogos de manipulação e das manobras políticas inerentes
à sociedade humana. No entanto, atualmente, com um mundo cada vez mais digital,
sem limitações geográficas que impeçam as pessoas de estar constantemente
interligadas e conectadas, a desinformação pode ser disseminada de forma massiva e a
uma velocidade sem precedentes, ameaçando os fundamentos basilares do jornalismo e
as demais instituições democráticas. Numa época em que existe um profundo desprezo
pela verdade e pela evidência científica, na qual a credibilidade e a confiança nas
principais instituições públicas e políticas, estão em crise, a mentira, sob o disfarce de
notícias legítimas, compete, no mesmo ambiente digital, com os meios de comunicação
pela atenção de uma audiência cada vez mais fragmentada, polarizada e seletiva.
Depois das eleições presidenciais americanas de 2016, a criação de fake news passou a
ser uma arma política frequentemente utilizada por agentes estatais e/ou
independentes, com o objetivo de obterem, essencialmente, ganhos políticos,
desacreditando adversários e manipulando eleitores em períodos de campanha
eleitoral. À semelhança de outros países ocidentais, também em Portugal a
disseminação de fake news políticas através das redes sociais, procura destabilizar a
vida pública e política da sociedade.
Considerando este contexto, este trabalho visa analisar a suscetibilidade dos eleitores
portugueses a fake news contemporâneas, politicamente enviesadas. A nossa
investigação procura, deste modo, compreender a influência das identidades
ideológicas e partidárias na crença e divulgação de fake news e notícias politicamente
comprometedoras, em conformidade com diferentes estilos cognitivos de processar
informação e diferentes práticas de consumir informação online.
Interessa, desta forma, identificar possíveis assimetrias ideológicas (esquerda vs
direita), cognitivas e partidárias no que diz respeito ao consumo e disseminação de fake
news políticas, ao mesmo tempo que se realiza uma auscultação geral da
vulnerabilidade do eleitorado português, quando exposto a este tipo de conteúdos.
Desta forma, propondo a apresentação de um inquérito por questionário, foi
desenvolvida uma metodologia capaz de conciliar diferentes instrumentos e
procedimentos para identificar ideológica e partidariamente os participantes, avaliando a sua habilidade cognitiva e as suas práticas de consumir informação online. A par
destes métodos, os participantes foram convidados a avaliar a credibilidade e a
manifestar a intenção de partilhar um conjunto de títulos de fake news e notícias.
Este estudo pretende ser um contributo relevante para a investigação nesta área,
sobretudo em Portugal. Acreditamos que este trabalho possa ser enriquecedor para a
literatura, nomeadamente no que diz respeito à conceção de uma estrutura validada
para a medição da suscetibilidade à desinformação.
The creation and dissemination of false content, such as political instrumentalization actions, has always been part of the manipulation games and political maneuvers inherent to human society. However, currently, with an increasingly digital world, without geographic limitations that prevent people from being constantly connected, disinformation can be disseminated massively and at breakneck speed, threatening the basic pillars of journalism and other democratic institutions. At a time when there is a profound contempt for truth and scientific evidence, in which the credibility and trust of the main public and political institutions is in crisis, the lie, under the guise of legitimate news, competes, in the same digital environment, with the media for the attention of an increasingly fragmented, polarized and selective audience. After the 2016 US presidential elections, the creation of fake news became a political weapon frequently used by the state and/or independent agents, with the objective of essentially obtaining political gains, discrediting political opponents and manipulating voters in electoral campaign periods. As in other western countries, in Portugal, the dissemination of political fake news, through digital social networks, seeks to destabilize society's public and political life. Considering this context, this work aims to analyze the susceptibility to contemporary, politically biased fake news. In this way, our research seeks to understand the influence of ideological and party identities on the belief and dissemination of fake news and politically compromising news, in accordance with different cognitive styles of processing information and different practices of consuming information online. It is therefore interesting to identify possible ideological (left vs. right), cognitive and partisan asymmetries with regard to the consumption and dissemination of political fake news, while at the same time conducting a general survey of the vulnerability of the Portuguese electorate, when exposed to this kind of content. Thus, proposing the presentation of an inquiry by questionnaire, we developed a methodology capable of reconciling different instruments and procedures to identify participants ideologically and in a party way, evaluating their cognitive ability and their practices when consuming information online. Alongside these methods, participants were invited to assess the credibility and express their intention to share a set of fake news and news headlines. This study intends to be a relevant contribution to research in this area, especially in Portugal. We believe that this work can be enriching for the literature, namely with regard to the design of a validated structure for measuring the susceptibility to disinformation.
The creation and dissemination of false content, such as political instrumentalization actions, has always been part of the manipulation games and political maneuvers inherent to human society. However, currently, with an increasingly digital world, without geographic limitations that prevent people from being constantly connected, disinformation can be disseminated massively and at breakneck speed, threatening the basic pillars of journalism and other democratic institutions. At a time when there is a profound contempt for truth and scientific evidence, in which the credibility and trust of the main public and political institutions is in crisis, the lie, under the guise of legitimate news, competes, in the same digital environment, with the media for the attention of an increasingly fragmented, polarized and selective audience. After the 2016 US presidential elections, the creation of fake news became a political weapon frequently used by the state and/or independent agents, with the objective of essentially obtaining political gains, discrediting political opponents and manipulating voters in electoral campaign periods. As in other western countries, in Portugal, the dissemination of political fake news, through digital social networks, seeks to destabilize society's public and political life. Considering this context, this work aims to analyze the susceptibility to contemporary, politically biased fake news. In this way, our research seeks to understand the influence of ideological and party identities on the belief and dissemination of fake news and politically compromising news, in accordance with different cognitive styles of processing information and different practices of consuming information online. It is therefore interesting to identify possible ideological (left vs. right), cognitive and partisan asymmetries with regard to the consumption and dissemination of political fake news, while at the same time conducting a general survey of the vulnerability of the Portuguese electorate, when exposed to this kind of content. Thus, proposing the presentation of an inquiry by questionnaire, we developed a methodology capable of reconciling different instruments and procedures to identify participants ideologically and in a party way, evaluating their cognitive ability and their practices when consuming information online. Alongside these methods, participants were invited to assess the credibility and express their intention to share a set of fake news and news headlines. This study intends to be a relevant contribution to research in this area, especially in Portugal. We believe that this work can be enriching for the literature, namely with regard to the design of a validated structure for measuring the susceptibility to disinformation.
Description
Keywords
Fake news Desinformação Partidarismo Ideologia política Esquerda Direita Crença Habilidade cognitiva