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Abstract(s)
A liderança tem sido apontada como um fator determinante para melhorar o desempenho das equipas e organizaçÔes. Face ao exposto, o presente estudo visa analisar o conhecimento e competĂȘncias de liderança como elemento diferenciador na carreira dos treinadores de futebol. Num primeiro momento foi realizada uma revisĂŁo sistemĂĄtica da literatura com a finalidade de identificar a investigação desenvolvida nas Ășltimas dĂ©cadas, em torno do tema da liderança no futebol, procurando identificar em que tipo de stakeholders (internos e/ou externos) esta temĂĄtica foi investigada. TambĂ©m foi importante indicar as abordagens que tĂȘm sido utilizadas no estudo da liderança (clusters temĂĄticos), bem como as sugestĂ”es para futuras investigaçÔes sobre o tema. AtravĂ©s de uma anĂĄlise de conteĂșdo, foram distinguidos quatro clusters: Comportamento, Desempenho, Estilo e Formação. Os resultados sugerem que o tema da liderança no futebol deveria ser mais desenvolvido no cluster da Formação, particularmente entre os treinadores. Foi possĂvel apurar que a componente de formação tem vindo a receber destaque neste contexto desportivo, devido Ă sua importĂąncia no desenvolvimento e intervenção dos treinadores. Neste sentido, analisar o impacto da formação obtida por via da formação oficial de treinadores de futebol, particularmente em relação ao conhecimento e competĂȘncias de liderança adquiridos pelos respetivos treinadores, Ă© um dos pontos chave desta investigação. Deste modo, com o objetivo de analisar o impacto da formação obtida por via da formação oficial de treinadores de futebol, no conhecimento e competĂȘncias de liderança dos respetivos treinadores, foi utilizado um questionĂĄrio com 32 itens divididos em 4 dimensĂ”es (competĂȘncias de gestĂŁo/supervisĂŁo, liderança organizacional, domĂnio pessoal, e gestĂŁo de recursos), e utilizado um modelo de equaçÔes estruturais atravĂ©s do mĂ©todo estatĂstico utilizado em anĂĄlise de dados (SEM-PLS) para a validação das hipĂłteses. A amostra incluiu 211 treinadores de futebol portugueses, habilitados para o desempenho desta atividade, independente do nĂvel. Foi possĂvel apurar que reconhecem que existe uma necessidade de formação mais aprofundada no Ăąmbito da liderança, mostrando a sua consciĂȘncia sobre a importĂąncia para o desenvolvimento profissional e contĂnuo sobre este tema. Adicionalmente, ficou evidenciado que a inteligĂȘncia emocional Ă© uma das competĂȘncias necessĂĄrias e fundamentais para um desempenho de excelĂȘncia e para a qual deverĂĄ existir um reforço formativo. Deste modo, foi analisado se a idade e a experiĂȘncia dos treinadores de futebol tĂȘm impacto na autoperceção da sua inteligĂȘncia emocional, bem como analisado o impacto que esta tem nas suas competĂȘncias de liderança. Para este efeito, foi utilizado um questionĂĄrio composto por um total de 30 itens divididos em 4 fatores (bem-estar, autocontrolo, emocionalidade e sociabilidade). Os resultados obtidos indicam que a idade apresenta impactos estatisticamente significativos na inteligĂȘncia emocional, particularmente nas dimensĂ”es bem-estar, emocionalidade e sociabilidade, porĂ©m nĂŁo foi encontrado impacto significativo no fator autocontrolo. Estes resultados demonstram que os processos de recrutamento de treinadores para os diversos escalĂ”es competitivos ou de formação, deve ter este elemento em consideração. Neste sentido, foi verificado que um dos intervenientes diretos neste processo de desenvolvimento de conhecimentos e competĂȘncias dos treinadores, sĂŁo os formadores que fazem parte do contexto de formação oficial. Deste modo, a necessidade de se compreender a perceção dos formadores UEFA sobre a relevĂąncia e o papel do conhecimento e das competĂȘncias de liderança no futebol Ă© fundamental para melhorar a qualidade do desenvolvimento de treinadores. Para esta anĂĄlise, foi utilizada uma abordagem qualitativa, com entrevistas realizadas a 11 formadores dos cursos oficiais de futebol de Portugal, responsĂĄveis pela lecionação do tĂłpico liderança incluĂdo da estrutura curricular da disciplina de Psicologia Aplicada ao Futebol. Os dados foram analisados atravĂ©s do software NVivo, onde foram observadas trĂȘs dimensĂ”es da liderança: conhecimento, formação e competĂȘncias. Os resultados destacaram a necessidade de os treinadores desenvolverem habilidades de comunicação eficazes, capacidade de tomada de decisĂŁo sob pressĂŁo e habilidades interpessoais para liderar equipas de futebol de forma eficiente. Sugerem ainda que existem diversas lacunas a serem preenchidas, sendo que uma delas Ă© a falta de conhecimento teĂłrico por parte dos treinadores. Face ao exposto, o presente trabalho de investigação contribui para reforçar importĂąncia de se integrarem skills de liderança nos processos formativos, sejam eles direcionados para os treinadores, atletas ou dirigentes. Para alĂ©m disso, o estudo indica a necessidade de uma reflexĂŁo sobre o conteĂșdo e estrutura pedagĂłgica do processo formativo dos cursos oficiais de treinadores de futebol, numa perspetiva holĂstica. Neste sentido, este estudo sugere ainda a necessidade de formação nas chamadas capacidades emocionais dos treinadores, nomeadamente por estarem diretamente ligados Ă formação de crianças e jovens. Ă tambĂ©m importante destacar que as organizaçÔes responsĂĄveis pela formação de treinadores, podem utilizar estas informaçÔes para reavaliar e atualizar seus currĂculos, com o objetivo de garantir que os treinadores recebem uma formação adequada, em relação ao tema da liderança.
Leadership has been identified as a key factor for improving the performance of teams and organisations. In view of the above, this study aims to analyse the knowledge and leadership skills as a differentiating element in the career of football coaches. In a first moment a systematic review was carried out with the purpose of identifying the research developed in the last decades around the theme of leadership in football, seeking to identify in which type of stakeholders (internal and/or external) this variable was investigated. It was also important to indicate the approaches that have been used in the study of leadership (thematic clusters), as well as suggestions for future research on the subject. Through content analysis, four clusters were distinguished: Behaviour, Performance, Style and Training. The results suggest that the theme of leadership in football should be further developed in the Training cluster, particularly among coaches. It was possible to ascertain that the training component has been receiving emphasis in this sporting context, due to its importance in the development and intervention of the coaches. In this sense, analysing the impact of the training obtained through the official training of football coaches, particularly regarding the knowledge and leadership skills acquired by the respective coaches, is one of the key points of this research. Thus, in order to analyse the impact of the training obtained through the official training of football coaches, on the knowledge and leadership skills of the respective coaches, a questionnaire with 32 items divided into 4 dimensions (management/supervision skills, organisational leadership, personal domain, and resource management) was used, and a structural equation model (SEM-PLS) was used to validate the hypotheses. The sample included 211 Portuguese football coaches, qualified to perform this activity, regardless of their degree. It was possible to identify that they recognise that there is a need for further training in the area of leadership, showing their awareness of the importance of professional and continuous development on this topic. In addition, they suggest that emotional intelligence is one of the necessary and essential skills for an excellent performance and for which training should be reinforced. In this way, we analysed whether the age and experience of football coaches have an impact on the self-perception of their emotional intelligence, as well as analysed the impact this has on their leadership skills. For this purpose, a questionnaire composed of a total of 30 items divided into 4 factors (well-being, self-control, emotionality and sociability) was used. The results obtained indicate that age has statistically significant impacts on emotional intelligence, particularly in the dimensions well-being, emotionality and sociability, but no significant impact was found in the self-control factor. These results show that the recruitment processes of coaches for the different competitive or training levels should take this element into consideration. In this sense, it was verified that one of the direct participants in this process of development of knowledge and skills of coaches are the trainers who are part of the official training context. Thus, the need to understand the UEFA trainers' perception of the relevance and role of knowledge and leadership skills in football is fundamental to improve the quality of coach development. For this analysis, a qualitative approach was used, with interviews conducted with 11 trainers from official football courses in Portugal, responsible for teaching the topic leadership included in the curricular structure of the discipline Psychology Applied to Football. Data were analysed using NVivo software, where three dimensions of leadership were observed: knowledge, training and skills. The results highlighted the need for coaches to develop effective communication skills, decision-making ability under pressure and interpersonal skills to lead football teams effectively. They also suggest that there are several gaps to be filled, one of which is the lack of theoretical knowledge on the part of coaches. In view of the above, this research contributes to reinforce the importance of integrating leadership skills in training processes, whether they are aimed at coaches, athletes or managers. Furthermore, the study indicates the need for a reflection on the content and pedagogical structure of the formative process of the official courses for football coaches, from a holistic perspective. In this sense, this study reinforces the need for training in the so-called emotional capacities of coaches, as they are directly linked to the education of young people and children. It is also important to highlight that the organisations responsible for coaches' education can use this information to re-evaluate and update their curricula, in order to ensure that coaches receive an adequate education on the subject of leadership.
Leadership has been identified as a key factor for improving the performance of teams and organisations. In view of the above, this study aims to analyse the knowledge and leadership skills as a differentiating element in the career of football coaches. In a first moment a systematic review was carried out with the purpose of identifying the research developed in the last decades around the theme of leadership in football, seeking to identify in which type of stakeholders (internal and/or external) this variable was investigated. It was also important to indicate the approaches that have been used in the study of leadership (thematic clusters), as well as suggestions for future research on the subject. Through content analysis, four clusters were distinguished: Behaviour, Performance, Style and Training. The results suggest that the theme of leadership in football should be further developed in the Training cluster, particularly among coaches. It was possible to ascertain that the training component has been receiving emphasis in this sporting context, due to its importance in the development and intervention of the coaches. In this sense, analysing the impact of the training obtained through the official training of football coaches, particularly regarding the knowledge and leadership skills acquired by the respective coaches, is one of the key points of this research. Thus, in order to analyse the impact of the training obtained through the official training of football coaches, on the knowledge and leadership skills of the respective coaches, a questionnaire with 32 items divided into 4 dimensions (management/supervision skills, organisational leadership, personal domain, and resource management) was used, and a structural equation model (SEM-PLS) was used to validate the hypotheses. The sample included 211 Portuguese football coaches, qualified to perform this activity, regardless of their degree. It was possible to identify that they recognise that there is a need for further training in the area of leadership, showing their awareness of the importance of professional and continuous development on this topic. In addition, they suggest that emotional intelligence is one of the necessary and essential skills for an excellent performance and for which training should be reinforced. In this way, we analysed whether the age and experience of football coaches have an impact on the self-perception of their emotional intelligence, as well as analysed the impact this has on their leadership skills. For this purpose, a questionnaire composed of a total of 30 items divided into 4 factors (well-being, self-control, emotionality and sociability) was used. The results obtained indicate that age has statistically significant impacts on emotional intelligence, particularly in the dimensions well-being, emotionality and sociability, but no significant impact was found in the self-control factor. These results show that the recruitment processes of coaches for the different competitive or training levels should take this element into consideration. In this sense, it was verified that one of the direct participants in this process of development of knowledge and skills of coaches are the trainers who are part of the official training context. Thus, the need to understand the UEFA trainers' perception of the relevance and role of knowledge and leadership skills in football is fundamental to improve the quality of coach development. For this analysis, a qualitative approach was used, with interviews conducted with 11 trainers from official football courses in Portugal, responsible for teaching the topic leadership included in the curricular structure of the discipline Psychology Applied to Football. Data were analysed using NVivo software, where three dimensions of leadership were observed: knowledge, training and skills. The results highlighted the need for coaches to develop effective communication skills, decision-making ability under pressure and interpersonal skills to lead football teams effectively. They also suggest that there are several gaps to be filled, one of which is the lack of theoretical knowledge on the part of coaches. In view of the above, this research contributes to reinforce the importance of integrating leadership skills in training processes, whether they are aimed at coaches, athletes or managers. Furthermore, the study indicates the need for a reflection on the content and pedagogical structure of the formative process of the official courses for football coaches, from a holistic perspective. In this sense, this study reinforces the need for training in the so-called emotional capacities of coaches, as they are directly linked to the education of young people and children. It is also important to highlight that the organisations responsible for coaches' education can use this information to re-evaluate and update their curricula, in order to ensure that coaches receive an adequate education on the subject of leadership.
Description
Keywords
Liderança no futebol Formação formal Psicologia no futebol Desempenho de equipas InteligĂȘncia emocional EficĂĄcia coletiva Skills FederaçÔes Leadership in football Psychology in football