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Authors
Abstract(s)
Após a crise das dívidas soberanas, a União Europeia foi confrontada com a crise dos
refugiados. Com efeito, assistimos à maior crise mundial de refugiados desde o período da Segunda
Guerra Mundial, envolvendo mais de 20 milhões de pessoas. Desta forma, a problemática sobre as
deslocações humanas é extremamente pertinente no contexto internacional atual. A propagação de
conflitos étnicos e, consequentemente, as violações de direitos humanos, têm contribuído para o
aumento dos refugiados no sistema internacional e para o debate do alargamento do âmbito jurídico
de “refugiado”.
O objetivo desta investigação é analisar os fluxos migratórios da Segunda Guerra Mundial e do
período entre 2014 - 2016 na Alemanha, visando compreender os impactos dessas ondas migratórias
na identidade germânica. A presente delimitação temporal visa garantir os propósitos da comparação
em dois períodos históricos distintos, mas resulta, igualmente, do facto de estes terem sido períodos
com uma forte e significativa pressão demográfica.
O presente estudo também expõe a evolução institucional das normas e das organizações que
constituem o regime internacional para refugiados desde o final da Segunda Guerra Mundial até à
atualidade, executado no âmbito da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU).
Assim, a problemática que orientou esta investigação foi: De que forma a expulsão de judeus
durante a 2ª GM contribuiu para a formação da identidade alemã, bem como o acolhimento de
refugiados entre 2014 e 2016 poderá contribuir para a redefinição desta identidade?
Importa referir que a Alemanha foi o país que maior número de refugiados aceitou, recebendo
perto de 43% dos pedidos à União Europeia, nos últimos anos. Contudo, antes da atual crise de
refugiados, foi também o país que maior número de refugiados causou entre o período da ascensão
nazista em 1933 e a sua rendição ao poder em 1945. Mais de 340.000 judeus deixaram a Alemanha,
na tentativa de emigrar para os Estados Unidos ou para outros países europeus que posteriormente
foram conquistados pela Alemanha. Por sua vez, milhões de pessoas não conseguiram fugir e foram
levadas a fazer trabalhos forçados em campos de concentração, onde cerca de 2.700.000 judeus foram
assassinados (Ushmm).
Following the sovereign debt crisis, the European Union was confronted with the refugee crisis. In fact, we are currently witnessing the world's largest refugee crisis since the Second World War, involving more than 20 million people. Thus, the issue related to human displacement is strongly pertinent in the current international scene. The spread of ethnic conflicts and, consequently, human rights violation have contributed to the increase of refugees in the international system, and to the debate concerning the enlargement of the legal scope of “refugee”. The aim of this investigation is to do a comparative analysis between the migratory refugee flows in Germany between 2014-2016 and during the World War II, specifically between 1939 and 1944, with the purpose of understanding its contribution to the construction of the German identity. The temporal delimitation aims to guarantee the purposes of the comparison in two distinct historical periods, but also results from the fact that these were periods of strong and significant demographic pressure. Furthermore, we will also expose the institutional evolution of the norms and organizations that constitute the international refugee regime from the end of World War II to the present day, implemented within the United Nations (UN). The research question that has guided this investigation is: how does the expulsion of Jews during the 2nd GM contributed to the formation of German identity, as well as if the current reception of refugees between 2014 and 2016 could contribute to the redefinition of the future Germanic identity? It is also vital to mention that Germany has been the country with the largest rate of refugee’s acceptance, receiving approximately 43% of applications to the European Union in the last years. Nevertheless, prior to the current refugee crisis, it was also the country that caused the largest number of refugees between the Nazi rise in 1933 and their surrender to power in 1945. More than 340,000 Jews left Germany to emigrate to the United States and other European countries that were later conquered by Germany. In turn, millions were unable to escape and were captured by the Nazis and forced into concentration camps, where 2,700,000 Jews were murdered (Ushmm).
Following the sovereign debt crisis, the European Union was confronted with the refugee crisis. In fact, we are currently witnessing the world's largest refugee crisis since the Second World War, involving more than 20 million people. Thus, the issue related to human displacement is strongly pertinent in the current international scene. The spread of ethnic conflicts and, consequently, human rights violation have contributed to the increase of refugees in the international system, and to the debate concerning the enlargement of the legal scope of “refugee”. The aim of this investigation is to do a comparative analysis between the migratory refugee flows in Germany between 2014-2016 and during the World War II, specifically between 1939 and 1944, with the purpose of understanding its contribution to the construction of the German identity. The temporal delimitation aims to guarantee the purposes of the comparison in two distinct historical periods, but also results from the fact that these were periods of strong and significant demographic pressure. Furthermore, we will also expose the institutional evolution of the norms and organizations that constitute the international refugee regime from the end of World War II to the present day, implemented within the United Nations (UN). The research question that has guided this investigation is: how does the expulsion of Jews during the 2nd GM contributed to the formation of German identity, as well as if the current reception of refugees between 2014 and 2016 could contribute to the redefinition of the future Germanic identity? It is also vital to mention that Germany has been the country with the largest rate of refugee’s acceptance, receiving approximately 43% of applications to the European Union in the last years. Nevertheless, prior to the current refugee crisis, it was also the country that caused the largest number of refugees between the Nazi rise in 1933 and their surrender to power in 1945. More than 340,000 Jews left Germany to emigrate to the United States and other European countries that were later conquered by Germany. In turn, millions were unable to escape and were captured by the Nazis and forced into concentration camps, where 2,700,000 Jews were murdered (Ushmm).
Description
Keywords
Alemanha Direito Internacional Direitos Humanos Judeus Nazismo Onu Política Comum de Asilo Política Migratória Refugiados Relações Internacionais