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Publication
O Pós-Carreira dos Jogadores Profissionais de Futebol Portugueses: Estudo dos Impactos Sociodemográficos e Epidemiológicos
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Abstract(s)
A tese de doutoramento teve como propósito conceptual investigar os impactos sociodemográficos e epidemiológicos decorrentes da carreira profissional no futebol e a forma como estes afetam a qualidade de vida (QdV) dos ex-jogadores portugueses no póscarreira. Deste modo, desenvolveram-se cinco estudos científicos para a persecução dos seguintes objetivos: 1) construir e validar um instrumento capaz de reunir dados sobre o percurso holístico dos ex-jogadores que suportasse a realização dos estudos subsequentes; 2) caracterizar retrospetivamente os impactos sociodemográficos e profissionais da carreira; 3) avaliar a QdV dos ex-jogadores no pós-carreira; 4) caracterizar e qualificar o término da carreira dos ex-jogadores e compreender, consequentemente, quais foram as experiências e adaptações vivenciadas no período pós-carreira; 5) quantificar a incidência de lesões graves ocorridas durante a carreira e aferir sobre os seus impactos no domínio físico da QdV no pós-carreira. Participaram nos estudos 84 ex-jogadores com carreiras profissionais concluídas entre 1988 e 2018. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o “guião de entrevista para o estudo dos impactos da carreira desportiva na qualidade de vida dos exjogadores portugueses”, contruído e validado a partir do estudo 1, e o questionário WHOQL-Breff, versão validada para a língua portuguesa. A carreira profissional é intensa, absorvente e com características sociodemográficas e epidemiológicas que podem impactar negativamente na QdV dos jogadores a médio e longo prazo. A duração da carreira foi de 15.2 ± 2.1 anos, com uma representação média de 6.6 ± 2.9 clubes. Os ex-jogadores com maior nível competitivo tiveram carreiras mais longas em comparação com os que jogaram maioritariamente nas divisões inferiores. Praticamente 37% dos ex-jogadores realizaram formação académica e 62% formação técnica. Os que finalizaram a carreira no período mais recente (2005-2018) e os que jogaram em níveis competitivos mais baixos (segundas divisões e/ou não internacionais) tenderam a apostar mais na formação académica. Apesar destes resultados, verificou-se que os ex-jogadores apresentam uma avaliação positiva da sua QdV no pós-carreira. Contudo, quanto maior é a qualificação académica, melhor são os resultados da QdV geral e da QdV no domínio físico. Já a incidência de lesões graves ao longo da carreira associa-se negativamente ao domínio físico da QdV, ou seja, a cada lesão grave contraída há uma diminuição da perceção de QdV no domínio físico. Outra conclusão relevante é que 35% dos ex-jogadores mencionaram dilemas adaptativos ao pós-carreira. O imediato enquadramento profissional, maioritariamente ligado ao futebol, e o suporte social da família, parecem ter contribuído para minimizar o efeito negativo da carência do planeamento do pós-carreira. Os exjogadores que planearam o final da carreira num espaço temporal mais alargado (>24 meses) obtiveram uma transição com maior sucesso. Já a nível epidemiológico as lesões foram a principal causa para o término involuntário da carreira (29.8%). Os relatos dos exjogadores demonstram um cenário mais alarmante do que o sugerido pela avaliação percetiva da QdV, ou seja, metade dos ex-jogadores depara-se com problemas físicos diretamente associados à carreira. A partir das evidências obtidas nos vários estudos, sugere-se a implementação de programas e serviços de apoio que possam contribuir para minimizar os potenciais impactos negativos da carreira profissional e, consequentemente, otimizar a qualidade de vida dos ex-jogadores no pós-carreira.
This doctoral thesis aimed to conceptually investigate the sociodemographic and epidemiological impacts resulting from the professional careers of former Portuguese football players and how these affect quality of life (QoL) in post-career. Consequently, five scientific studies were conducted to achieve the following objectives: 1) to construct and validate an instrument capable of gathering data on the holistic journey of former players that would support the subsequent studies; 2) to retrospectively characterize the sociodemographic and professional impacts of their careers; 3) to evaluate the quality of life of former players in post-career; 4) to characterize and qualify the end of the careers of former players and consequently understand the experiences and adaptations they went through in the post-career period; 5) to quantify the incidence of serious injuries occurring during their careers and assess their impacts on the physical domain of quality of life in post-career. Eighty-four former professional players, whose careers spanned from 1988 to 2018, participated in the studies. The instruments used were the "interview script for studying the impacts of sports careers on the quality of life of former Portuguese players," constructed and validated based on study 1, and the WHOQL-Breff questionnaire, validated for the Portuguese language. The professional career of football players is intense, consuming, and has sociodemographic and epidemiological characteristics that can negatively impact their quality of life in the medium and long term. The career duration was 15.2 ± 2.1 years, with an average representation of 6.6 ± 2.9 clubs. Former players with a higher competitive level had longer careers compared to those who mostly played in lower divisions. Basically, 37% of former players pursued academic education, and 62% pursued technical training. Those who completed their careers in the most recent period (2005-2018) and those who played at lower competitive levels (second divisions and/or non-international) tended to invest more in their academic education. Despite these results, it was found that former players have a positive assessment of their quality of life in post-career. However, the higher the academic qualification, the better the overall QoL and the QoL in the physical domain results. The incidence of serious injuries throughout a career is negatively associated with the physical domain of quality of life (QoL), meaning that for each serious injury sustained, there is a decrease in the perception of QoL in the physical domain. The fact that 35% of former players brought up adaptive dilemmas after their careers ended is another noteworthy finding. The social support from family and the football-related immediate professional framework appears to have mitigated the negative effects of the lack of post-career planning. Former football players experienced a more seamless transition when they planned their retirement over a longer period (>24 months). At the epidemiological level, injuries accounted for 29.8% of the reasons why a player ended his career involuntarily. In comparison with the quality of live perceptual assessment, the accounts of former players reveal a more alarming scenario, revealing that half of them experienced physical problems that were directly related to their careers. Based on the evidence gathered from various studies, it is suggested that support programs and services be put in place to help minimize the potential negative impacts of a professional career and, as a result, enhance the quality of life for former players in their post-career phase.
This doctoral thesis aimed to conceptually investigate the sociodemographic and epidemiological impacts resulting from the professional careers of former Portuguese football players and how these affect quality of life (QoL) in post-career. Consequently, five scientific studies were conducted to achieve the following objectives: 1) to construct and validate an instrument capable of gathering data on the holistic journey of former players that would support the subsequent studies; 2) to retrospectively characterize the sociodemographic and professional impacts of their careers; 3) to evaluate the quality of life of former players in post-career; 4) to characterize and qualify the end of the careers of former players and consequently understand the experiences and adaptations they went through in the post-career period; 5) to quantify the incidence of serious injuries occurring during their careers and assess their impacts on the physical domain of quality of life in post-career. Eighty-four former professional players, whose careers spanned from 1988 to 2018, participated in the studies. The instruments used were the "interview script for studying the impacts of sports careers on the quality of life of former Portuguese players," constructed and validated based on study 1, and the WHOQL-Breff questionnaire, validated for the Portuguese language. The professional career of football players is intense, consuming, and has sociodemographic and epidemiological characteristics that can negatively impact their quality of life in the medium and long term. The career duration was 15.2 ± 2.1 years, with an average representation of 6.6 ± 2.9 clubs. Former players with a higher competitive level had longer careers compared to those who mostly played in lower divisions. Basically, 37% of former players pursued academic education, and 62% pursued technical training. Those who completed their careers in the most recent period (2005-2018) and those who played at lower competitive levels (second divisions and/or non-international) tended to invest more in their academic education. Despite these results, it was found that former players have a positive assessment of their quality of life in post-career. However, the higher the academic qualification, the better the overall QoL and the QoL in the physical domain results. The incidence of serious injuries throughout a career is negatively associated with the physical domain of quality of life (QoL), meaning that for each serious injury sustained, there is a decrease in the perception of QoL in the physical domain. The fact that 35% of former players brought up adaptive dilemmas after their careers ended is another noteworthy finding. The social support from family and the football-related immediate professional framework appears to have mitigated the negative effects of the lack of post-career planning. Former football players experienced a more seamless transition when they planned their retirement over a longer period (>24 months). At the epidemiological level, injuries accounted for 29.8% of the reasons why a player ended his career involuntarily. In comparison with the quality of live perceptual assessment, the accounts of former players reveal a more alarming scenario, revealing that half of them experienced physical problems that were directly related to their careers. Based on the evidence gathered from various studies, it is suggested that support programs and services be put in place to help minimize the potential negative impacts of a professional career and, as a result, enhance the quality of life for former players in their post-career phase.
Description
Keywords
Futebol Ex-jogadores Pós-Carreira Qualidade de Vida Impactos Sociodemográficos Impactos Epidemiológicos Football - Soccer