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Publication
A construção da agenda noticiosa sobre saúde na televisão em países de língua oficial portuguesa
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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Nos anos 1980, a epidemia de uma estranha doença que se espalhou pelo mundo, sem considerar contextos culturais, econômicos e sociais, começou a alimentar um campo de estudo até então limitado: o da comunicação em saúde. A velocidade e a forma como o vírus HIV/SIDA/AIDS era transmitido trouxe destaque para o papel dos meios de comunicação social não apenas na gestão de crises sanitárias, como também observamos recentemente com a pandemia do vírus Sars-CoV-2 (Covid-19), mas também na preparação, na literacia do público em cuidados diários com a saúde. Nesses contextos, vimos a capacidade da televisão de alcançar o público de forma mais abrangente, unindo imagem e som. A presente pesquisa tem como ponto de partida a percepção de algumas lacunas no estudo da comunicação em saúde voltado para as realidades dos países de língua oficial portuguesa. Nesse sentido, debruçamo-nos, especificamente, sobre o jornalismo, na área da comunicação em saúde, praticado em Angola, Brasil, Cabo Verde, Moçambique, Portugal e São Tomé e Príncipe, visando compreender como acontece a construção da agenda noticiosa nesses territórios. Para tal tivemos em conta a avaliação dos critérios de noticiabilidade mais utilizados, com foco nos valores-notícia de seleção. Como objeto de pesquisa, selecionamos os jornais televisivos do chamado “horário nobre” das emissoras públicas de televisão dos seis países de expressão oficial portuguesa, justamente por a televisão se tratar de um dos meios de maior alcance considerando a realidade de oferta e consumo dos meios de comunicação social de cada local. Para respondermos às questões propostas pela pesquisa, optamos pela utilização de dois métodos complementares, o da Análise de Conteúdo (AC) e da entrevista em profundidade semiestruturada. Através do método do mês construído, recolhemos 173 peças jornalísticas televisivas, entre os meses de maio e agostos de 2023, sobre as quais aplicamos o método da análise de conteúdo categorial para avaliar os temas abordados, formatos utilizados, enquadramento, fontes de informação, valores-notícia e o que chamamos de materiais de apoio (vídeos, áudios, entrevistas, fotografias, etc). Para complementar as informações recolhidas dessa forma, entrevistamos jornalistas de quatro, dos seis países investigados, procurando relacionar os dados obtidos com a aplicação dos dois métodos. A partir dos dados analisados, observamos que, embora os valores-notícia de “Relevância”, “Novidade/Atualidade” e “Amplitude/Impacto” tenham se destacado de forma consistente em todas as emissoras analisadas, existem variações importantes de acordo com o contexto político, social e econômico de cada país. Também observamos o predomínio do uso das fontes oficiais, da reportagem como formato mais utilizado, assim como o das imagens profissionais dentre os materiais de apoio. Compreender as características das peças como um todo, assim como as informações obtidas com as entrevistas, auxiliou-nos a perceber não apenas as semelhanças transnacionais no uso dos valores-notícia, mas também as especificidades de cada país em termos de prioridades editoriais, contextos políticos e pressões institucionais. O estudo mostrou ainda que, embora as emissoras públicas desempenhem um papel crucial na mediatização dos temas de saúde, elas enfrentam desafios significativos em termos de autonomia editorial, pluralidade de fontes e adaptação às novas dinâmicas midiáticas.
In the 1980s, the epidemic of a strange disease that spread worldwide, regardless of cultural, economic, and social contexts, began to fuel a hitherto limited field of study: health communication. The speed and form of HIV/AIDS transmission highlighted the role of the media not only in the management of health crises, as we also observed recently with the Sars-CoV-2 (Covid-19) pandemic, but also in preparation, in public literacy in daily health care. In these contexts, we have seen the ability of television to reach the public more comprehensively, uniting image and sound. This research has as its starting point the perception of some gaps in the study of health communication focused on the realities of Portuguese-speaking countries. In this sense, we focus specifically on journalism, in health communication, practiced in Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Portugal, and São Tomé e Príncipe, aiming to understand how the news agenda is built in these territories. To this end, we took into account the evaluation of the most used newsworthiness criteria, with a focus on the news values of selection. As a research object, we selected the television news programs of the so-called "prime time" of public television stations in the six Portuguese-speaking countries, precisely because television is one of the means with the greatest reach, considering the reality of supply and consumption of media in each location. To answer the questions proposed by the research, we opted for using two complementary methods, Content Analysis (CA) and semi-structured in-depth interviews. Through the constructed month method, we collected 173 television news pieces, between the months of May and August 2023, on which we applied the categorical content analysis method to evaluate the topics covered, formats used, framing, sources of information, news values and what we call supporting materials (videos, audios, interviews, photographs, etc.). To complement the information gathered in this way, we interviewed journalists from four of the six countries investigated, seeking to relate the data obtained with the application of the two methods. From the analyzed data, we observed that, although the news values of "Relevance", "Novelty/Topicality" and "Range/Impact" have stood out consistently in all the stations analyzed, there are important variations in how these values are applied, suggesting the existence of different journalistic cultures in the countries studied. We also observed the predominance of the use of official sources, reporting as the most used format, as well as professional images among the supporting materials. Understanding the characteristics of the pieces as a whole, as well as the information obtained from the interviews, helped us to perceive not only the transnational similarities in the use of news values but also the specificities of each country in terms of editorial priorities, political contexts, and institutional pressures. The study further showed that, although public broadcasters play a crucial role in the mediatization of health issues, they face significant challenges in terms of editorial autonomy, plurality of sources, and adaptation to new media dynamics.
In the 1980s, the epidemic of a strange disease that spread worldwide, regardless of cultural, economic, and social contexts, began to fuel a hitherto limited field of study: health communication. The speed and form of HIV/AIDS transmission highlighted the role of the media not only in the management of health crises, as we also observed recently with the Sars-CoV-2 (Covid-19) pandemic, but also in preparation, in public literacy in daily health care. In these contexts, we have seen the ability of television to reach the public more comprehensively, uniting image and sound. This research has as its starting point the perception of some gaps in the study of health communication focused on the realities of Portuguese-speaking countries. In this sense, we focus specifically on journalism, in health communication, practiced in Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Portugal, and São Tomé e Príncipe, aiming to understand how the news agenda is built in these territories. To this end, we took into account the evaluation of the most used newsworthiness criteria, with a focus on the news values of selection. As a research object, we selected the television news programs of the so-called "prime time" of public television stations in the six Portuguese-speaking countries, precisely because television is one of the means with the greatest reach, considering the reality of supply and consumption of media in each location. To answer the questions proposed by the research, we opted for using two complementary methods, Content Analysis (CA) and semi-structured in-depth interviews. Through the constructed month method, we collected 173 television news pieces, between the months of May and August 2023, on which we applied the categorical content analysis method to evaluate the topics covered, formats used, framing, sources of information, news values and what we call supporting materials (videos, audios, interviews, photographs, etc.). To complement the information gathered in this way, we interviewed journalists from four of the six countries investigated, seeking to relate the data obtained with the application of the two methods. From the analyzed data, we observed that, although the news values of "Relevance", "Novelty/Topicality" and "Range/Impact" have stood out consistently in all the stations analyzed, there are important variations in how these values are applied, suggesting the existence of different journalistic cultures in the countries studied. We also observed the predominance of the use of official sources, reporting as the most used format, as well as professional images among the supporting materials. Understanding the characteristics of the pieces as a whole, as well as the information obtained from the interviews, helped us to perceive not only the transnational similarities in the use of news values but also the specificities of each country in terms of editorial priorities, political contexts, and institutional pressures. The study further showed that, although public broadcasters play a crucial role in the mediatization of health issues, they face significant challenges in terms of editorial autonomy, plurality of sources, and adaptation to new media dynamics.
Description
Keywords
Critérios de noticiabilidade Valores-Notícia Jornalismo em Língua Portuguesa Jornalismo Televisivo Comunicação em Saúde Newsworthiness News Values Journalism in the Portuguese Language