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Abstract(s)
Em ambientes cada vez mais dinâmicos e competitivos, a capacidade de adquirir e explorar o conhecimento externo - isto é, a capacidade de absorção (ACAP, Cohen & Levinthal, 1990) - é crucial para as empresas familiares (EF) inovarem e manterem-se competitivas (Kotlar et al., 2016). Por outro lado, verifica-se que apesar de se observar um nível de conhecimento mais aprofundado sobre temas como sucessão, conflitos, governança e desempenho financeiro, existem tópicos que ainda não foram adequadamente explorados no campo de estudos sobre EF (Cabrera-Suárez et al., 2001; Kellermanns & Eddleston, 2004; Miller et al., 2013; Nordqvist et al., 2014). Dentre essas oportunidades de investigação, destaca-se a exploração de aspectos vinculados à ACAP e desempenho em inovação.
Assim, esta investigação tem como objetivo analisar a capacidade das empresas familiares de absorver informações relevantes do ambiente externo, e de incorpora-las em suas atividades inovadoras e, consequentemente, analisar que repercussões têm no seu desempenho em inovação. Busca-se ainda compreender se, e em que medida, a diversidade geracional na gestão da empresa se configura como um importante recurso para as empresas aqui retratadas.
Para alcançar este objetivo optou-se por um estudo quantitativo, cujos dados foram recolhidos por questionário enviado via correio eletrônico e dirigidos aos gestores das empresas brasileiras, nomeadamente aquelas sediadas no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e cadastradas na Federação das Indústrias do Rio Grande do Sul (FIERGS, 2015), onde constam 10.980 empresas inscritas. Nesta fase inicial, verificou-se que 2.975 empresas não possuíam contato de e-mail, sendo uma condição necessária para a coleta dos dados. Assim, chega-se ao número de 8.005 empresas com e-mail, para as quais foi enviado o link do inquérito. Obteve-se o retorno de 273 empresas, das quais 241 foram consideradas EF. Para obter maior rigor em estimar um tamanho mínimo da amostra, avaliou-se o poder estatístico do tamanho da amostra, sendo esta do tipo “a priori”, com uso do programa G*Power 3.1.9.2 (Faul et al., 2007). A recolha dos dados ocorreu entre outubro de 2015 e janeiro de 2016. A amostra é composta por 241 EF. Utiliza-se o software SmartPLS para a modelagem de equações estruturais.
Os resultados deste estudo permitem reconhecer a ACAP como um importante preditor do desempenho em inovação das EF. Em particular, os resultados sugerem que a capacidade de absorção potencial (PACAP) tem um efeito positivo e significativo na capacidade de absorção realizada (RACAP). Também verifica-se um efeito positivo e significativo da PACAP no desempenho em inovação incremental e, da mesma forma, da RACAP no desempenho em inovação radical. Contrariamente ao esperado, os resultados apontaram que a diversidade geracional na gestão das EF não é um fator moderador significativo entre ACAP da empresa e o seu desempenho em inovação. O estudo acrescenta à literatura de três maneiras. Primeiro, o estudo analisa a prática de aquisição, assimilação, transferência e aplicação de conhecimento em EF, que representam 90% de todas as empresas brasileiras (Leone, 2005). Uma vez que essas empresas precisam desenvolver capacidades tecnológicas com o objetivo de crescimento e desenvolvimento (Zahra et al., 2007), oferecem um cenário interessante para estudar a relação entre ACAP e desempenho em inovação. Em segundo lugar, este estudo esclarece os efeitos dos diferentes componentes da ACAP sobre o desempenho em inovação incremental e radical das EF. Consequentemente, os resultados podem promover a conscientização dessas empresas de seu próprio contexto e, a partir disso, utilizarem essas informações para acelerar a criação de novas capacidades. Finalmente, o estudo explora o impacto do envolvimento familiar (ou seja, o número de gerações envolvidas na gestão da empresa) sobre a relação entre sua ACAP e o seu desempenho em inovação, o que possibilita compreender como essas empresas desenvolvem suas capacidades tecnológicas para criar valor, o que contribui para o debate sobre a inovação em EF.
Relativamente às implicações do estudo para a prática empresarial parece aconselhável o fomento de uma cultura de inovação. Entretanto, para que isso seja viável as EF precisam explorar o potencial de inovação de todos os envolvidos promovendo a experimentação, utilizando mecanismos de integração social que facilitem e estimulem, de forma contínua, sua capacidade de aquisição e assimilação, bem como de transformação e aplicação de conhecimento. É igualmente recomendável que tal cultura seja estimulada no ambiente familiar, na medida em que a proximidade da família com o negócio poderá suscitar um novo olhar em relação aos conflitos existentes em sua dinâmica. Com essa mudança de perspectiva, abre-se caminho para o desenvolvimento de capacidades dinâmicas que são fundamentais para o seu crescimento e sua longevidade.
In environments increasingly dynamic and competitive, the ability to acquire and exploit the external knowledge - that is, the absorptive capacity (ACAP, Cohen & Levinthal, 1990) - is crucial for family businesses innovate and remain competitive (Kotlar Et al., 2016). On the other hand, although there is a deeper level of knowledge about succession, conflicts, governance and financial performance, there are topics that have not yet been adequately explored in family business studies (Cabrera-Suárez et al., 2001; Kellermanns & Eddleston, 2004; Miller et al., 2013; Nordqvist et al., 2014). Among these research opportunities, we highlight the exploration of aspects related to ACAP and innovation performance. The objective of this study is to analyze the capacity of family firms to absorb relevant informations from their external environment, and incorporate it in their innovative activities so that they can enhance their innovation performance. It also seeks to understand, if and to what extent, the generational diversity in the management of the company is an important resource for the companies portrayed here. To fulfil this objective, a quantitative study was adopted, and data were collected by a questionnaire sent by e-mail to the managers of Brazilian companies and registered at the Federation of Industries of Rio Grande do Sul (FIERGS, 2015), which includes 10,980 registered companies. In this initial phase, it was verified that 2,975 companies did not have email contact, being a necessary condition for data collection. Thus, we reach the number of 8,005 companies with e-mail, to which the inquiry link was sent. The return of 273 companies was obtained, of which 241 were considered family businesses. The statistical power of the sample size was evaluated a priori using the G * Power 3.1.9.2 program (Faul et al., 2007) . Data collection took place between October 2015 and January 2016. The sample is composed of 241 EF. The software SmartPLS is used for the modeling of structural equations. The results of this study show that recognize the absorptive capacity (ACAP) as an important predictor of the family firms innovation performance. Particularly, the results suggest that the potential absorptive capacity (PACAP) has a positive and significant effect on realized absorptive capacity (RACAP). There is also a positive and significant effect of PACAP in incremental innovation performance and, at same way, the RACAP in radical innovation performance. Contrary to expectation, the involvement of several generations in the management of the family firms is not a significant moderator between ACAP and family firm’s performance in innovation. The study adds to the literature in three ways. First, the study examines the practice of acquisition, assimilation, transfer and application of knowledge in family firms, which represent 90% of all Brazilian companies (Leone, 2005). Since these companies need to develop technological capabilities with the objective of growth and development (Zahra et al., 2007), offer an interesting setting to study the relationship between ACAP and innovation performance. Second, this study clarifies the effects of different components of ACAP on the incremental and radical innovative performance of family firms. Consequently, the results can promote the awareness of these companies in their own context and, from there, use this information to accelerate the creation of new capabilities. Finally, the study explores the impact of family involvement (i.e., the number of generations involved in company management) on the relationship between its ACAP and its performance in innovation, which makes it possible to understand how these companies develop their technological capabilities to create value, which contributes to the debate about innovation in family firms. Concerning the implications of this study for the business practice, it seems advisable to foster a culture of innovation. However, for this to be viable the family firms need to explore the innovative potential of all involved, promoting experimentation, using social integration mechanisms that facilitate and encourage, continuously, its ability to acquire and assimilation, as well as transformation and exploration of knowledge. It is also recommended that such culture is stimulated in the family environment, in so far as the proximity of the family to the business may give a new look to the existing conflicts in its dynamics. With this change of perspective, it opens the way for the development of dynamic capacities that are fundamental for its growth and its longevity.
In environments increasingly dynamic and competitive, the ability to acquire and exploit the external knowledge - that is, the absorptive capacity (ACAP, Cohen & Levinthal, 1990) - is crucial for family businesses innovate and remain competitive (Kotlar Et al., 2016). On the other hand, although there is a deeper level of knowledge about succession, conflicts, governance and financial performance, there are topics that have not yet been adequately explored in family business studies (Cabrera-Suárez et al., 2001; Kellermanns & Eddleston, 2004; Miller et al., 2013; Nordqvist et al., 2014). Among these research opportunities, we highlight the exploration of aspects related to ACAP and innovation performance. The objective of this study is to analyze the capacity of family firms to absorb relevant informations from their external environment, and incorporate it in their innovative activities so that they can enhance their innovation performance. It also seeks to understand, if and to what extent, the generational diversity in the management of the company is an important resource for the companies portrayed here. To fulfil this objective, a quantitative study was adopted, and data were collected by a questionnaire sent by e-mail to the managers of Brazilian companies and registered at the Federation of Industries of Rio Grande do Sul (FIERGS, 2015), which includes 10,980 registered companies. In this initial phase, it was verified that 2,975 companies did not have email contact, being a necessary condition for data collection. Thus, we reach the number of 8,005 companies with e-mail, to which the inquiry link was sent. The return of 273 companies was obtained, of which 241 were considered family businesses. The statistical power of the sample size was evaluated a priori using the G * Power 3.1.9.2 program (Faul et al., 2007) . Data collection took place between October 2015 and January 2016. The sample is composed of 241 EF. The software SmartPLS is used for the modeling of structural equations. The results of this study show that recognize the absorptive capacity (ACAP) as an important predictor of the family firms innovation performance. Particularly, the results suggest that the potential absorptive capacity (PACAP) has a positive and significant effect on realized absorptive capacity (RACAP). There is also a positive and significant effect of PACAP in incremental innovation performance and, at same way, the RACAP in radical innovation performance. Contrary to expectation, the involvement of several generations in the management of the family firms is not a significant moderator between ACAP and family firm’s performance in innovation. The study adds to the literature in three ways. First, the study examines the practice of acquisition, assimilation, transfer and application of knowledge in family firms, which represent 90% of all Brazilian companies (Leone, 2005). Since these companies need to develop technological capabilities with the objective of growth and development (Zahra et al., 2007), offer an interesting setting to study the relationship between ACAP and innovation performance. Second, this study clarifies the effects of different components of ACAP on the incremental and radical innovative performance of family firms. Consequently, the results can promote the awareness of these companies in their own context and, from there, use this information to accelerate the creation of new capabilities. Finally, the study explores the impact of family involvement (i.e., the number of generations involved in company management) on the relationship between its ACAP and its performance in innovation, which makes it possible to understand how these companies develop their technological capabilities to create value, which contributes to the debate about innovation in family firms. Concerning the implications of this study for the business practice, it seems advisable to foster a culture of innovation. However, for this to be viable the family firms need to explore the innovative potential of all involved, promoting experimentation, using social integration mechanisms that facilitate and encourage, continuously, its ability to acquire and assimilation, as well as transformation and exploration of knowledge. It is also recommended that such culture is stimulated in the family environment, in so far as the proximity of the family to the business may give a new look to the existing conflicts in its dynamics. With this change of perspective, it opens the way for the development of dynamic capacities that are fundamental for its growth and its longevity.
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Keywords
Empresa familiar - Desempenho em inovação Empresa familiar - Capacidade de absorção Empresa familiar - Diversidade geracional