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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Desde meados da década de 1990, momento em que se dá a expansão da
Internet, que uma boa parte do debate sobre as potencialidades desta nova tecnologia
de comunicação foi direcionado para a possibilidade de melhoria dos procedimentos
democráticos. Esta tendência de olhar para a Internet enquanto tecnologia capaz de
dinamizar o sistema democrático, não é alheia ao período conturbado que a maioria
das democracias ocidentais enfrenta desde então, com uma quebra acentuada ao nível
da confiança nas instituições políticas e uma crescente falta de envolvimento e
participação na vida pública. No caso português, esta desconfiança, bem como o nível
de insatisfação com o funcionamento da democracia, acentuou-se, de acordo com os
dados do Eurobarómetro, com o pedido de resgate financeiro, a intervenção da Troika
e a aplicação de políticas de austeridade no período que vai de 2011 a 2014. Estas
medidas geraram grande agitação social e aumentaram as dúvidas quanto ao
desempenho democrático.
No entanto, as elevadas expectativas quanto ao potencial transformador da
Internet deram lugar, nos últimos anos, a análises menos entusiastas e a narrativas
mais realistas quanto ao papel das tecnologias digitais de comunicação. Sem a euforia
dos estudos do final do século XX, nesta investigação propomo-nos observar o ambiente
digital a partir das teorias da democracia deliberativa, considerando a possibilidade
de formação de novos ambientes participativos. Entre os espaços de participação
colocados ao dispor dos cidadãos no ambiente digital, optámos por analisar aqueles
dedicados aos comentários dos leitores, na medida em que estes conformam arenas
particulares para a deliberação.
Neste contexto, e considerando o processo de formação do XXI Governo
Constitucional, enquanto estudo de caso, analisam-se os comentários num meio de
comunicação particular: o jornal online “Observador”. Este meio é escolhido enquanto
único nativo digital nacional de âmbito generalista, mas sobretudo porque é o projeto
de comunicação mais alinhado à direita, ao nível dos conteúdos e da audiência, e por
isso à priori mais contrário à formação de uma solução governativa que unisse as
diferentes formações políticas de esquerda. A investigação procura dessa forma
perceber se os enquadramentos, argumentos e atores que ganham visibilidade nas
peças jornalísticas deste meio, considerando o caso em análise, afetam as próprias discussões que possam ter lugar nos espaços de comentários, seguindo a ideia de um
framing deliberativo, ou seja, a existência de um enquadramento dominante capaz de
balizar o debate em torno de um determinado quadro interpretativo. Esta indagação
vai de encontro às restantes questões que nos propomos responder neste trabalho e
que passam por saber se as discussões que têm lugar online promovem efetivamente
uma troca democrática de ideias e opiniões, e em que medida é que os espaços de
comentários se configuram como efetivos fóruns deliberativos?
São estas as dimensões que nos guiam ao longo de um trabalho que se encontra
ancorado nos estudos sobre deliberação online e que pretende contribuir para o
aprofundamento da investigação nesta área, ao mesmo tempo que estabelece um
cruzamento com a literatura sobre o framing, e em particular o framing deliberativo.
Since the middle of the 1990's, when the Internet started to grow, that a major part of the debate on the possibilities of this new communication technology was directed to the opportunity to improve democratic actions. The trend to look at the internet as a technology able to dynamize the democratic system is related to the difficult moments lived by occidental democracies since that period, as trust issues regarding political institutions are growing, as well as a lack of participation in the public life in general. Nevertheless, the high expectations created by the Internet have made room for less-enthusiastic reports and more-realistic narratives about the true role of digital communication technologies. In the Portuguese case, this mistrust, as well as the level of dissatisfaction with the functioning of democracy, accentuated, according to the Eurobarometer data, due to the financial rescue request, the intervention of the Troika and the application of austerity policies in the which runs from 2011 to 2014. These measures generated great social unrest and increased doubts about the democratic performance. Moving past the euphoria of the studies dating from the XXth century, the following research seeks to observe the digital environment based on the theories of deliberative democracy, considering the possibility of new participative environments. Among the participation spaces offered to citizens in the digital environment, we opted to analyze those dedicated to readers' comments, since they create specific areas for deliberation. In this context, and considering the creation process of the XXIst Constitutional Government as a case study, comments were analyzed focusing on the online newspaper “Observador”. This medium was chosen, as it is the only nationally digital native, with a generalistic approach. Moreover, it also is the more right-winged communication project, regarding audiences and content, and would, therefore, appear to be the most antagonistic with the creation of a left government. This study seeks to understand if framing, arguments, and players who gain visibility in this medium's journalistic pieces, considering the case under study, and the discussions made in the comment section, following the idea of a deliberative framing, the existence of a dominant framing, able to create a debate around a specific interpretative frame. This question goes against the rest of the matters that we propose to answer in this study, and whether the discussions that take place online effectively promote a democratic exchange of ideas and opinions, and to what extent the spaces of comments are configured as effective deliberative forums? These are the dimensions that guide us through a work that is anchored in the studies about online deliberation and that intends to contribute to the deepening of the investigation in this area while establishing a cross with the literature on framing, and in particular, deliberative framing.
Since the middle of the 1990's, when the Internet started to grow, that a major part of the debate on the possibilities of this new communication technology was directed to the opportunity to improve democratic actions. The trend to look at the internet as a technology able to dynamize the democratic system is related to the difficult moments lived by occidental democracies since that period, as trust issues regarding political institutions are growing, as well as a lack of participation in the public life in general. Nevertheless, the high expectations created by the Internet have made room for less-enthusiastic reports and more-realistic narratives about the true role of digital communication technologies. In the Portuguese case, this mistrust, as well as the level of dissatisfaction with the functioning of democracy, accentuated, according to the Eurobarometer data, due to the financial rescue request, the intervention of the Troika and the application of austerity policies in the which runs from 2011 to 2014. These measures generated great social unrest and increased doubts about the democratic performance. Moving past the euphoria of the studies dating from the XXth century, the following research seeks to observe the digital environment based on the theories of deliberative democracy, considering the possibility of new participative environments. Among the participation spaces offered to citizens in the digital environment, we opted to analyze those dedicated to readers' comments, since they create specific areas for deliberation. In this context, and considering the creation process of the XXIst Constitutional Government as a case study, comments were analyzed focusing on the online newspaper “Observador”. This medium was chosen, as it is the only nationally digital native, with a generalistic approach. Moreover, it also is the more right-winged communication project, regarding audiences and content, and would, therefore, appear to be the most antagonistic with the creation of a left government. This study seeks to understand if framing, arguments, and players who gain visibility in this medium's journalistic pieces, considering the case under study, and the discussions made in the comment section, following the idea of a deliberative framing, the existence of a dominant framing, able to create a debate around a specific interpretative frame. This question goes against the rest of the matters that we propose to answer in this study, and whether the discussions that take place online effectively promote a democratic exchange of ideas and opinions, and to what extent the spaces of comments are configured as effective deliberative forums? These are the dimensions that guide us through a work that is anchored in the studies about online deliberation and that intends to contribute to the deepening of the investigation in this area while establishing a cross with the literature on framing, and in particular, deliberative framing.
Description
Keywords
Meios de comunicação social - XXI Governo Constitucional - Portugal Opinião pública - XXI Governo Constitucional - Portugal