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- Opening Pandora's Box: Everything We (Do Not) Know About the Global StrategyPublication . Veiga, Pedro; Figueiredo, Ronnie; Teixeira, Sérgio; Fernandes, CristinaGlobal strategy research is rapidly increasing in quantity but is found in divergent literature and disciplines. Now is the time to offer a comprehensive review that identifies, synthesizes, and integrates previous research and highlights knowledge gaps and the way forward. This methodical literature search helped to identify 338 articles in the Web of Science database published until 2018. Using a systematic and in-depth content analysis using bibliometric techniques, the authors reviewed the articles and identified the main theories used and the methodological guidelines in these articles. This review helps to identify significant knowledge gaps in terms of theoretical orientation and core content. The main contributions of this paper are to outline and summarize a multilevel analysis of emerging global strategy literature, integrate and extract potential theoretical contributions in this field, and indicate directions for future research.
- Envolvimento, eventos críticos e governança nas Empresas Familiares: Estudo de casoPublication . Fernandes, Cristina; Nave, Edgar; Alves, Helena; Ferreira, João José de Matos; Raposo, Mario; Paço, Arminda doAs empresas familiares são cruciais para o crescimento económico e desenvolvimento em todo o mundo. Estas empresas apresentam certas especificidades em termos da sua visão, intenções e comportamentos que envolvem profundamente os membros da família. No âmbito do projeto SPRING (Succession Planning and Regeneration in Family Businesses for New Growth through an innovative training program), este artigo pretende apresentar o estudo de caso da empresa Ropre com vista a ilustrar, através de várias entrevistas levadas a cabo a membros da família, o envolvimento e motivação em relação ao negócio da família ao longo do tempo, os eventos críticos que afetaram o negócio familiar, e os mecanismos de governança familiar. Os resultados apontam para visões algo opostas entre os membros da família e os membros externos, sendo esta uma possível fonte de conflitos de interesse na empresa, no futuro. Apesar destas dificuldades, a visão de longo prazo do mercado, a internacionalização, a capacidade de adaptação, e a abertura à mudança estratégica, foram determinantes para o sucesso e longevidade do negócio familiar. Este é um bom exemplo de uma empresa familiar no que respeita à capacidade de inovar e de se internacionalizar; para além disso, o envolvimento dos membros da família na empresa, a sua dedicação, resiliência e capacidade de adaptação a novas realidades é notório. No entanto, o problema da sucessão ainda precisa de ser discutido e amadurecido pela família.
- Knowledge intensive business services (KIBS) in Portugal: location and innovative capacityPublication . Fernandes, Cristina Isabel Miranda Abreu Soares; Ferreira, João José de Matos; Marques, Carla Susana da EncarnaçãoWithin the service industry, the swift growth of the KIBS (Knowledge Intensive Business Service(s)) sector has played a crucial role in innovation processes. Above all, this role is confirmed by the fact that such entities do not turn in a simple performance in innovation activities as would be the case in simply meeting the needs of prevailing levels of demand or, more specifically, their clients. Instead, they establish bridges of knowledge and points of innovation between companies and science. The literature goes so far as to identify the origins of the third industrial revolution with the importance attributable to KIBS. While the debate on the growth of KIBS unfolds around these new specialist fields and the growth in the tertiary sector in general, there is ever growing recognition that both new manufacturing processes and new services and innovations in more general terms increasingly derive from KIBS. Our interest in KIBS derives from a position broadly defended by a wide range of authors (Muller, 2001; Howells and Tether, 2004; Toivonen, 2004; Koch and Stahlecker, 2006): the irrefutable role played by KIBS in the development of their surrounding regions. In the Thesis below, we have sought to study these companies across four fundamental research facets: (i) location; (ii) cooperation with universities; (iii) factors of innovation and (iv) innovative and competitive capacities. To approach factors of location, we deployed exploratory factorial analysis and Logit regression modelling and found that in this aspect, there was statistical significance for rural and urban KIBS. The results revealed that rural KIBS are essentially influenced by personal motivations and their owners tend to be younger and with fewer years of experience. In the case of urban KIBS, the main factor is the prevailing business conditions in the location with entrepreneurs tending to be older and with more years of experience. Our analysis of cooperation between KIBS and universities involved the application of exploratory factorial analysis and a logit regression model. Our findings show that the probability of KIBS establishing partnerships with universities rises in accordance with the levels of proximity and trust, the types of cost associated with such partnerships and the age of the entrepreneur. Furthermore, we encounter no difference in terms of either location or typology. The results also enable us to conclude that there is a statistically significant effect between the employment of staff with higher education, the age and academic background of the company owner, and the logistical probability of the company locating in rural areas. This means that, while there is little or no direct cooperation between universities and KIBS companies, there is a transfer of knowledge courtesy of the university graduates employed in these professions. The level of graduate employment is high at both rural and urban KIBS. To study the factors of innovation, we made recourse to confirmatory factorial analysis with the objective of verifying whether the strategy, the organisation, the learning, the networks and the process, influence the innovation activities ongoing at KIBS. We found that the network factor is of high importance to both KIBS types (professional and technological). However, professional KIBS also returned the strategy factor as the driver of innovation while technological KIBS attributed greatest priority to learning as a factor for innovation. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences were identified between rural and urban located KIBS. Finally, we applied structural equations for analysis of the innovative and competitive capacities of KIBS and evaluating up to just what point innovation depends on the nature of the service (technological or professional) and location (rural and urban). Firstly, the results of certain analytical processes found that the innovative capacities of the different types of rurally located KIBS displayed no statistical significance while at KIBS in urban locations, professional KIBS companies innovated less than their technological peers and the latter thereby proved able to simultaneously turn in better financial performance and hence may be deemed more competitive.
- Social entrepreneurship and social innovation: looking inside the box and moving out of itPublication . Adro, Francisco José Nave do; Fernandes, CristinaThe impact of the global recession has served to increase the pressure on the management of nonprofit organizations (NPO). Executive leadership is an essential component of the success of these institutions. The aim of this paper is to survey the existing literature on social entrepreneurship and social innovation in the third sector (TS). For this, we used the collection of existing literature on the Web of Science (WoS). The 176 articles selected in this database were analyzed analytically and also using the VOSviewer software. The results show the existence of three approaches that highlight a relationship between entrepreneurial behavior and NPO performance, the creation of social value and the entrepreneurial orientation of NPO that triggered the emergence of hybrid organizations: social enterprises. This study aims to contribute to the construction of a holistic model for the sector.
- Do Total Early-stage Entrepreneurial Activities (TEAs) foster innovative practices in OECD countries?Publication . Peris-Ortiz, Marta; Ferreira, João José de Matos; Fernandes, CristinaThe objective of this study involves identifying the influence of Total Early-stage entrepreneurial activities (TEA) over the propensity to engage in innovative practices in OECD member states. The study correspondingly applies aggregate data at the national level based upon the statistics gathered by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in conjunction with the Global Competitive Index (GCI) for the years between 2009 and 2013. The analysis deploys endogenous variables (capacity for innovation, quality of scientific research institutions, company spending on R&D, and university-industry R&D focused collaboration) for the capturing of innovation, and uses mediating effects to explain how and under what conditions these innovation variables are shaped by TEA. We conclude that the relationship between TEA and innovation practices differs in accordance with the state of development of each economy. Furthermore, the proportion of ongoing entrepreneurial activities in a country has an impact on the emergence of innovation based practices. We seek to contribute reflections focused on the support policies enacted for entrepreneurship and innovation. We report that such decisions cannot be the same for countries in different stages of development.
- Determinants of entrepreneurial intentions: an international cross-border studyPublication . Fernandes, Cristina; Ferreira, João José de Matos; Raposo, Mario; Sanchez, José; Hernandez–Sanchez, BrizeidaPurpose This paper aims to study the effects of cross-border psychological determinants among students of two Iberian universities (Portugal and Spain) on entrepreneurial intentions. Design/methodology/approach Based on previous literature, the studies do not include any model that simultaneously uses self-efficacy, risk-taking propensity and proactive personality as psychological determinants of entrepreneurial intentions. Here, the authors try to fill this gap by developing an integrative psychological model about the formation of entrepreneurial intentions, including all these variables as the main preceding factors to entrepreneurial initiative and their influence on intentions for self-employment. Taking a sample of 293 university students from both countries, the authors empirically test regression models to analyse hold influence over the preference expressed in terms of becoming an entrepreneur. Findings The results show differences between two countries regarding to entrepreneurial intentions. In terms of the motivations present for launching a business, the higher they are the greater the preference over the option to work for third parties. Originality/value In addition, and in terms of the variable perceived ease of launching a company, the higher this rises, the lower the level of preference for working for third party entities. Furthermore, the greater the level of perception in terms of the social value of entrepreneurship, the greater the preference for becoming an entrepreneur.
- The impact of innovation management on the performance of NPOs: Applying the Tidd and Bessant model (2009)Publication . Adro, Francisco José Nave do; Fernandes, Cristina; Veiga, PedroThe literature is consistent in stating that innovation helps in improving the performance of nonprofit organizations (NPOs), highlighting how there remains the scope for further research designed to better understand the dimension supporting social innovation. Through the application of the Tidd and Bessant model, which reflects an important contribution to this specific sector, this study seeks to meet a shortcoming in analyzing just which innovation management factors influence the performance of NPOs. To this end, we applied a quantitative methodology based on a survey made of Portuguese NPOs that received a total of 135 valid responses. Based upon the application of multiple linear regression models, this study concludes that there are five innovation management models with a positive impact on NPO performance levels. In terms of the implications, these results, consistent with earlier research of a different nature, strengthen the idea that private business sector methods may undergo successful adaptation to the social sector and assist such entities to implement measures that offset their organizational, and consequent financial, weaknesses.
- Green growth versus economic growth: Do sustainable technology transfer and innovations lead to an imperfect choice?Publication . Fernandes, Cristina; Veiga, Pedro; Ferreira, João José de Matos; Hughes, MathewA concern with the mitigation of climate change cuts a transversal line across economic agents, epitomized by two contradictory viewpoints. Some defend that green growth can be achieved without harming economic growth; others argue that it is not possible to respect sustainability if intensive consumption of goods continues to foster economic growth. Our research aims to analyze the role that sustainable technology transfer and sustainable innovations play in green growth and ascertain the impact of green growth on economic growth. We use aggregated country-level data provided by the OECD, including national accounts, population, and environment statistics (including patents) between 1990 and 2013 for 32 countries, corresponding to an unbalanced panel of 591 observations. We estimate econometric models based on dynamic panel methodologies to capture differences that exist over time. The results show that sustainable technology transfer and sustainable innovation promote green growth, which in turn positively impacts economic growth. We contribute new insight to the green growth versus economic growth debate and provide several political and management implications.
- A review of succession strategies in family business: content analysis and future research directionsPublication . Nave, Edgar; Ferreira, João José de Matos; Fernandes, Cristina; Paço, Arminda; Alves, Helena; Raposo, MarioFamily firms (FF) represent an important business segment worldwide, contributing greatly to their country’s GDP and social well-being, giving employment and contributing to communities’ development. Due to their particularities, these organizations also face various challenges, one of the most relevant being inter-generational succession – transversal to all FF and their consequent sustainability over time. Given the importance of this issue, through a systematic literature review (SLR), the intention is to provide a general, wide-ranging view of the succession strategies most used by FF, mapping the existing literature. A total of 84 articles from the Scopus database were analysed. Through content analysis and bibliographic coupling techniques (VosViewer), four thematic groups of articles were identified, namely: (i) socio-emotional wealth and corporate governance, (ii) leadership and inter-generational conflicts, (iii) managing succession process and (iv) succession planning drivers. These themes/clusters originated a theoretical framework that depicts the investigation status of the field, and detailed suggestions for future investigations by cluster were also provided. Despite the relevance and long age of succession in FF, this is the first SLR to directly address succession strategies, offering implications for academics and practitioners, to guide a smooth succession.
- Social Innovation in Public Organisations: The Perspectives of ManagersPublication . Ferreira, João; Fernandes, Cristina; Oliveira, Valter R. M.The world today is not only becoming increasingly competitive but this competition is also increasingly intense and, for organisations, innovation emerges as one solution to the problems they face. Thus, innovation has attracted increased interest as the means to acquire and develop skills to address and/or inspire organisations in a globally competitive and economically uncertain environment. Furthermore, in such a competitive world, not even the public sector escapes the need to evolve towards providing better services and satisfying its citizens. However, just what is the need to evaluate social innovation in public organisations? Is there the drive to compete and/or market share to conquer? Profits to achieve? The public sector has many points in common with the private sector with the goals in both sectors involving the raising of efficiency and quality levels and better satisfaction for customers. Thus, this research aims at studying social innovation in public organisations and understanding how social innovation can better the lives of citizens from the perspective of managers. As the data collection method, we applied a questionnaire based on the constructs and scales already validated by Vigoda-Gadot (Public Administration 86(2):307–329, 2008) before then analysing the results through recourse to PLS. The results identify how responsiveness and ethics and morals are important factors in the perceptions of innovation as perceived by citizens. In turn, the findings also demonstrate the importance of this capacity for innovation to the image of the public sector as well as the confidence and satisfaction of its citizens.
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