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- Career termination of portuguese elite football players: comparison between the last three decadesPublication . Carapinheira, António; Mendes, Pedro; Carvalho, Pedro Guedes de; Torregrossa, Miquel; Travassos, BrunoThe aim of this study was to explore the process of career termination of elite soccer players, comparing the quality and the resources to support career termination over the last three decades. To this end, was developed a questionnaire defined by four sections: (a) biographical data, (b) athletic career, (c) quality of career termination and (d) available resources at the moment of career termination. Ninety male former elite Portuguese soccer players participated in this study. The results highlighted a decrease in the length of athletic career as football players and an increase in the number of years as youth players over the last 30 years. The results also revealed that the quality of career termination was difficult. The analysis of resources for career termination revealed an increase in a high level of education over the years. Despite the evolution in the level athletes' education in the last three decades, the athletic career termination remained difficult and it was reported that they did not plan their career termination. In line with previous studies, the results highlight that the lack of plans for career termination is one of the most important factors that constrain the quality of career transition.
- Sports career termination in football players: systematic reviewPublication . Carapinheira, António; Mendes, Pedro; Carvalho, Pedro Guedes de; Travassos, BrunoThis article aimed to characterize the termination of the sports career in football players. A systematic literature search was performed according to the PRISMA method. From all the publications, eight were selected that fulfilled all the inclusion criteria. The results revealed that, in general, the former football players finish their career between the ages of 31 and 35, reported a career span between eight and eleven years, and secondary education level. Regarding the quality of retirement, it was reported that voluntary retirement was mainly due to age and associated with psychological and social problems. Few data were reported regarding the available resources, highlighting, however, coping strategies through support from family and friends, and players maintain a career linked to sports. Only one study revealed the existence of a program to support the retirement of a sports career. © 2018, Facultad de Formacion del Profesorado.
- A retrospective analysis of retirement of football players in PortugalPublication . Travassos, Bruno; Carvalho, Pedro Guedes de; Mendes, Pedro Duarte; Torregrossa, Miquel; Carapinheira, AntónioThe purpose of this study was to analyse the retirement of elite football players in Portugal. Specifically, the quality of retirement and the resources available were evaluated. To develop an understanding of the process of the sporting retirement of elite football players we used data from in-depth, semi-structured interviews with ninety professional players from the portuguese football national team. Most of the elite Portuguese footballers we investigated retired from sport between 36 and 40 years of age, their retirement had been involuntary and it had taken them less than a year to accept retirement. Most had only been educated to secondary level and had a strong athletic identity, no plans for their post-football career exist and relied on family as their main psychological support. None of the players had received support from a formal programme. Despite of the findings being consistent with previous research from other Southern European cultures, it seems that the athletic retirement of portuguese footballers has some particularities. Most portuguese footballers retired later and had longer playing careers than athletes in other countries. In addition, retirement was involuntary in most of cases, yet players reported that it took them a relatively short time to accept retirement.
- Abandono de carreira desportiva de jogadores profissionais de futebol em PortugalPublication . Carapinheira, António Manuel Morais; Travassos, Bruno Filipe Rama; Carvalho, Pedro Guedes de; Mendes, PedroNo contexto desportivo, a transição de carreira tem sido uma temática vastamente estudada. No entanto, no futebol não se verificam a existência de muitos estudos neste âmbito. Para além do referido, urge a realização de estudos que permitam uma melhor caraterização dos percursos desportivos e avaliação do momento de términos de carreira desportiva de um modo contextualizado, em função de modalidades específicas e tendo por base diferentes níveis de análise. Deste modo, este trabalho é composto por três estudos em que procurámos: a) Caracterizar o estado da arte no que respeita ao término da carreira desportiva, em particular no futebol, através da realização de uma revisão sistemática; b) Analisar o término da carreira de jogadores de futebol de elite em Portugal, avaliando a qualidade do abandono e os recursos disponíveis; c) Explorar o processo de términos da carreira de jogadores de futebol de elite em Portugal, comparando a qualidade do abandono e os recursos disponíveis nas últimas três décadas. Tendo por base uma amostra de 90 ex-jogadores de futebol de elite foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas e um questionário que procurou avaliar o processo de término da carreira desportiva. Os resultados mostram a existência de um reduzido número de estudos sobre término de carreira no futebol, sendo que se verificaram traços comuns entre os estudos reportados, mas também algumas diferenças em função do país onde se desenvolveu o estudo. No estudo 2 verificámos que a maioria dos jogadores não detinham mais do que o ensino secundário, tinham uma forte identidade atlética, reformaram-se entre os 36 e os 40 anos de idade, de forma involuntária, sem planeamento prévio para a carreira pós-futebol, contando essencialmente com o apoio psicológico familiar. Já no estudo 3 verificámos que, no geral, as condições de término da carreira mantêm-se semelhantes ao longo dos anos. Neste estudo evidenciou-se a dificuldade sentida no abandono da carreira, explicada sobretudo pela falta de planeamento de transição, apesar do aumento no nível de escolaridade verificado. Face ao exposto é necessário repensar os modelos de desenvolvimento de carreiras desportivas e suporte ao término da carreira desportiva.