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- PREFACE - To the book by Nono Sumampouw, Menjadi Manado: Torang Samua Basudara, Sabla Aer, dan Pembentukan Identitas SosialPublication . Schouten, Maria Johanna ChristinaPreface to an anthropological study about the city of Manado (Indonesia). Attention is paid to its geostrategic location and the diversity of its population, in a historical perspective. Includes reflections on anthropological practices and analysis.
- Minahasa: the «success story» of Dutch colonialism in IndonesiaPublication . Schouten, Maria Johanna ChristinaThe Minahasans of northern Sulawesi underwent in the nineteenth century a rapid metamorphosis from a people that was considered as violent and savage into what seemed pious and orderly subjects of the Dutch colonal state. The texts proposes several motives for Minahasans’ conversion to Christianity and their enthusiasm for school education. Attention is also paid to the harsh economic exploitation under colonial rule, as well as to actions of resistance. A general outline of the colonial history of Indonesia provides the framework of the text.
- Memories of faraway visitors to Southeast Asia: the ‘Portuguese fort’ in AmurangPublication . Schouten, Maria Johanna ChristinaThis article examines today’s perception among Indonesians of the Portuguese presence in Eastern Indonesia during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Despite evidence of the often violent pursuit of supremacy and material benefit by European navigators, the local population has different understandings of the past. An assessment of these from an anthropological perspective is guided by twin concepts such as emics and etics, and memory and history. Our case study combines documentary research and fieldwork, focusing on a colonial fort in Amurang, on the island of Sulawesi. The present-day accounts of the local population and of some official organizations attribute a Portuguese origin to this fort, and narratives about the Portuguese abound in folk memory, often contradicting the findings of scientific research. Significant is the positive image of the Portuguese prevalent among the population. The article includes historical data on the Portuguese and Spanish presence in Indonesia and ethnographic data of Amurang, as well as architectural and archaeological details of the fort.
- Distance and proximity: social sciences and their approach to ‘other cultures’Publication . Schouten, Maria Johanna ChristinaIn this farewell lecture, some topics related to the question of culture contact are addressed. These include the various ways in which other cultures are observed and judged, with special attention paid to the approach taken by the social sciences; practices of anthropological fieldwork; and the various, historically changing attitudes and practices adopted by the so-called Western world towards other cultures, in particular those in Asia. The text is an English version of the Portuguese original.
- Saving for taxes or saving for pigs? A case of local-level authority in IndonesiaPublication . Schouten, Maria Johanna ChristinaDiscussion of the intermediary role of village chiefs in Minahasa (Indonesia), between the national government and the villagers, in issues such as tax collection and participation in community projects. A comparison is made between two villages where the author carried out anthropological fieldwork.
- Paths and rivers. Sa’dan Toraja society in transformationPublication . Schouten, Maria Johanna ChristinaReview of major monograoh about the Sa´dan Toraja, an ethnic group in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Sa’dan Toraja, wet-rice cultivators living in the highlands of South Sulawesi, are among the best-known ethnic groups of Indonesia. Their elaborate rituals, grandiose ancestral houses and intriguing artistic expressions attract the interest of foreign and domestic tourists, and anthropologists and historians have attested to the richness and the dynamics of Toraja culture in its many local variations. [...]
- Prestígio e poder na Indonésia: Continuidade em épocas de mudançasPublication . Schouten, Maria Johanna ChristinaThe notions regarding power in many cultures of Indonesia are related to ideas of centrality and also of immobility. Especially the Javanese norms are well recognizable in Indonesia’s presidents. In this article diverse manifestations of power and legitimation of power are highlighted. The main argument relates to the Minahasa region of northern Sulawesi where, despite enormous changes since the onset of colonial rule in the nineteenth century, some old ways of attaining power and authority persist, although with the use of different resources and practices.
- Manifold connections: the Minahasa region in IndonesiaPublication . Schouten, Maria Johanna ChristinaThis paper focuses on eastern Indonesia, and in particular on the Minahasa region of northern Sulawesi. It examines the links of this region with others in the archipelago, as well as with the state, from the early modern period through to the present, and tests the usefulness of the concepts of ‘centre’ and ‘periphery’ in understanding the nature of those links. A centre–periphery relationship is commonly defined in terms of geography, economy or power relations, but, as the paper argues, the definition can also rest on cultural or social factors. The paper also suggests the possibility of the simultaneous or successive existence of several centres and many peripheries.
- Translators and interpreters, translation and interpretationPublication . Schouten, Maria Johanna ChristinaDiscussion of the processes of communication in Southeast Asia, in the 16th-18th centuries, between the Portuguese seafarers and the local population, mainly traders and political rulers. Central is the role of the interpreters, as intermediaries ad as translators not just of language but also of customs and etiquette. In addition, the special position and features of Malay and lateron Portuguese as a contact language in the archipelago are major subjects.
- East Timor’s vote for independencePublication . Schouten, Maria Johanna ChristinaReview of a book presenting eyewitness reports and backgrounds to diverse aspects of the vote in East Timor for its indepedence from Indonesia (1999) and the violence occurring in this period. Guns and ballot boxes deals with the dramatic episode in East Timor's history surrounding the referendum to determine the future status of that territory. Quite unexpectedly, in January. 1999 the Indonesian president Habibie announced his willingness to grant the option of independence to the East Timorese, whose territory Indonesia had annexed some 23 years earlier. A popular consultation was prepared in talks between Indonesia, the United Nations and the former colonial ruler Portugal. It was agreed that the United Nations would provide an assistance mission (UNAMET) to counsel the population and to supervise the ballot, while Indonesia would be in charge of guaranteeing security. […]