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- Correlações entre parâmetros de força obtidos durante o salto vertical e o sprint 5m em estudantes universitáriosPublication . Gil, Maria Helena Gonçalves; Marques, Mário António CardosoO objectivo deste estudo foi examinar quais os parâmetros de força (medidos durante o salto vertical) que melhor se relacionam com a capacidade de sprint, e se essas relações estão de acordo com estudos já publicados. Foram avaliados 25 sujeitos do sexo masculino (estudantes universitários), com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 25 anos, 173,2±2 centímetros de altura e 65±4 quilogramas de peso. Para os sujeitos se familiarizarem com os testes de salto vertical (numa Multipower) e de sprint de 5m, foram realizadas duas sessões de treino. Para a colecta de dados, no teste de salto vertical foi utilizado um medidor linear de posição (T-Force System) e no teste de sprint foi utilizado um instrumento de medição Brower (Wireless Sprint System). Em termos estatísticos, a relação entre as variáveis foi analisada através do coeficiente de correlação bivariado de Pearson (p≤ 0.05) recorrendo ao programa estatístico SPSS. Os resultados revelam que os parâmetros de força que evidenciam correlações significativas entre o salto vertical e o sprint foram a força média propulsiva, o impulso mecânico e a potência média propulsiva. Em suma, tendo por base que estes parâmetros são relevantes para o sprint de curta duração, sugerimos que o treino de força, baseado em exercícios como o salto vertical, possa ser determinante para desenvolver a capacidade de sprint de curta duração.
- The Effect of Ballistic Exercise as Pre-Activation for 100 m SprintsPublication . Gil, Maria Helena; Neiva, Henrique; Garrido, Nuno; Aidar, Felipe J.; Sousa, Maria S. Cirilo; Marques, Mário; Marinho, DanielThe benefits of warm-up in sports performance has received a special interest in the current literature. However, there is a large gap of knowledge about the tasks to be performed, specifically in the real competitive environment. The purpose of the study was to verify the acute effects of a warm-up including ballistic exercises in 100 m running performance. In addition, a second 100 m trial was assessed to better understand the warm-up effects in training and competition. Eleven men (25.4 ± 6.2 years of age, 1.76 ± 0.08 m of height, 78.2 ± 8.6 kg of body mass) were submitted to three different protocols, in a randomized order: no warm-up (NWU), typical warm-up (WU) and WU complemented with ballistic exercises (PAP). Biomechanical, physiological and psychophysiological variables were assessed. Differences were found between the three conditions assessed in the first 100 m sprint with 7.4% and 7.6% faster performances after the WU and PAP, compared to NWU. Stride length was higher in the second part of the 100 m after PAP compared with WU. These results highlight the positive effects of warm-up for sprinting performance. The inclusion of ballistic exercises, besides being used to improve sprint performance, can increase stride length in the final of the 100 m race.
- Concurrent Training Followed by Detraining: Does the Resistance Training Intensity Matter?Publication . Sousa, António C.; Marinho, Daniel; Gil, Maria Helena; Izquierdo, Mikel; Rodríguez-Rosell, David; Neiva, Henrique; Marques, Mário C.The aim of this study was to analyze the training and detraining (DT) effects of concurrent aerobic training and resistance training against 3 different external loads on strength and aerobic variables. Thirty-two men were randomly assigned to 4 groups: low-load (LLG, n = 9), moderate-load (MLG, n = 9), high-load (HLG, n = 8), and control group (CG, n = 6). Resistance training consisted of full squat (FS) with a low load (40-55% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]), a moderate load (55-70% 1RM), or a high load (70-85% 1RM) combined with jump and sprint exercises. Aerobic training was performed at 75% of the maximal aerobic speed for 15-20 minutes. The training period lasted for 8-week, followed by 4-week DT. Pretraining, post-training, and post-DT evaluations included 20-m running sprints (0-10 m: T10; 0-20 m: T20), shuttle run test, countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) test, and loading test (1RM) in FS. All the experimental groups showed improvements (p ≤ 0.05) in all the parameters assessed, except the LLG for T10 and the HLG for T20. The LLG, MLG, and HLG showed great changes in 1RM and V[Combining Dot Above]O2max compared with the CG (p ≤ 0.05), whereas the HLG and MLG showed a greater percentage change than the CG in T10 (p < 0.001) and CMJ (p ≤ 0.05). The 4-week DT period resulted in detrimental effects in all variables analyzed for all 3 experimental groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that strength training programs with low, moderate, or high external loads combined with low-intensity aerobic training could be effective for producing significant gains in strength and aerobic capacities. Moreover, the higher loads used increased gains in explosive efforts.
- Current Approaches on Warming up for Sports PerformancePublication . Gil, Maria Helena; Neiva, Henrique; Sousa, António C.; Marques, MC; Marinho, DanielWarm-up procedures have become relevant for coaches, researchers, and sports professionals in recent years. Several studies have been conducted to verify the effects of different preactivities, regarding differing volume, intensity, rest, and specificity, and the warm-up is now widely accepted as an essential practice to improve performance. Research is now focusing on the effects of static and dynamic stretches, postactivation potentiation phenomenon, and optimization of waiting periods with passive warm-up approaches. in this brief review, we critically analyze the emerging methods and strategies of warm-up that have been investigated and used before competitive events.
- Concurrent Training and Detraining: The Influence of Different Aerobic IntensitiesPublication . Sousa, António C.; Neiva, Henrique; Gil, Maria Helena; Izquierdo, Mikel; Rodríguez-Rosell, David; Marques, Mário C.; Marinho, DanielSousa, AC, Neiva, HP, Gil, MH, Izquierdo, M, Rodríguez-Rosell, D, Marques, MC, and Marinho, DA. Concurrent training and detraining: the influence of different aerobic intensities. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2018-The aim of this study was to verify the effects of different aerobic intensities combined with the same resistance training on strength and aerobic performances. Thirty-nine men were randomly assigned to a low-intensity group (LIG), moderate-intensity group (MIG), high-intensity group (HIG), and a control group. The training program consisted of full squat, jumps, sprints, and running at 80% (LIG), 90% (MIG), or 100% (HIG) of the maximal aerobic speed for 16-20 minutes. The training period lasted for 8 weeks, followed by 4 weeks of detraining. Evaluations included 20-m sprints (0-10 m: T10; 0-20 m: T20), shuttle run, countermovement jump (CMJ), and strength (1RMest) in full squat. There were significant improvements from pre-training to post-training in T10 (LIG: 4%; MIG: 5%; HIG: 2%), T20 (3%; 4%; 2%), CMJ (9%; 10%; 7%), 1RMest (13%; 7%; 8%), and oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max; 10%; 11%; 10%). Comparing the changes between the experimental groups, 1RMest gains were significantly higher in the LIG than HIG (5%) or MIG (6%). Furthermore, there was a tendency for higher gains in LIG and MIG compared with HIG, with "possibly" or "likely" positive effects in T10, T20, and CMJ. Detraining resulted in performance decrements, but minimal losses were found for V[Combining Dot Above]O2max in LIG (-1%). Concurrent training seems to be beneficial for strength and aerobic development regardless of the aerobic training intensity. However, choosing lower intensities can lead to increased strength and is recommended when the cardiorespiratory gains should be maintained for longer.
- Correlations between biomechanical variables and sprint time of 30mPublication . Gil, Maria Helena Gonçalves; Marques, MC; Neiva, Henrique; Mendes, Pedro; Sousa, António; Alves, Ana Ruivo; Branquinho, Luís; Faíl, Luís Brandão; Pinto, Diogo; Marques, Diogo; Graça, Cláudia; Marinho, DanielIntroduction: Sprinting contributes to successful performance in the wide range of sporting activities. It’s known that sprinting speed is defined with the frequency and the length of strides (Čoh, Tomažin & Rausavljević, 2007). According Bezodias et al. (2008) the frequency of stride (FS) was a more important contributor to the velocity increase in sprint performance, however for Mackala (2007) the length of stride (LS) was a more significant variable. The aim of this study is to determine if different types of heating can interfere with the frequency and length variability of the stride. Methods: 22 young men participated in this study (age: 19.32±1.43 years; height: 176±67cm; weight: 68.48±9.91kg). The study followed a randomized protocol and the subjects were submitted to three warm-up protocols: without warm-up, typical warm-up and warm-up with post-activation potentiation (PAP). Results: The results reveal a strong correlations between the sprint time of 30m and the frequency of stride and length of stride. Discussion: Regardless of the type of warm-up, we can observe that the frequency and length stride are relevant factors that contribute to sprint time performance. The results corroborated with other studies indicating that maximum speed results from an optimal ratio between stride frequency and stride length. Conclusion: The frequency and length of stride were shown to be two influential factors in the sprint time of 30m. We suggest that future studies include exercises on warm-up that stimulate the frequency and amplitude of stride, in order to verify which of the variables has the greatest impact on sprint performance.
- Relatório de Estágio Pedagógico: Escola Secundária Frei Heitor PintoPublication . Gil, Maria Helena Gonçalves; Martins, Júlio Manuel CardosoCapítulo 1 O estágio pedagógico é um processo fundamental no Mestrado de Ensino de Educação Física nos Ensinos Básico e Secundário, o qual nos possibilita colocar em prática todos os métodos e técnicas aprendidas anteriormente, através do contato com a realidade do contexto escolar e com toda a comunidade envolvente. Neste relatório é apresentado todo o decurso do estágio pedagógico realizado na Escola Secundária Frei Heitor Pinto, no ano letivo 2013-2014. A amostra envolvente no estágio pedagógico foram três turmas (10º, 11º e 12º ano), com idades entre os 15 e os 17 anos. Para além da caraterização da Escola e da amostra, é descrito neste relatório todo o processo de lecionação e planeamento, bem como uma sua reflexão. É ainda possível encontrar neste trabalho todas as funções desempenhadas e trabalho desenvolvido ao longo do ano letivo quer na Direção de Turma quer no Desporto Escolar. Por fim, mencionamos também neste trabalho todas as atividades não letivas, quer aquelas que foram organizadas especificamente pelo grupo de estágio quer aquelas que foram organizadas por outros membros mas nas quais intervimos de algum modo. Em suma, a vivência deste Estágio Pedagógico permitiu-me adquirir competências práticas que complementam os conhecimentos teóricos adquiridos ao longo destes anos de aprendizagem, sendo que este Estágio Pedagógico foi uma mais-valia na minha formação. Capítulo 2 O objetivo deste estudo passa por verificar o efeito da ordem de execução do treino de resistência e de força sobre o desenvolvimento da condição física dos alunos, com a finalidade de verificar como podemos ser mais eficazes no treino da condição física dos alunos durante as aulas de Educação Física. Neste estudo participaram um total de 31 alunos do género masculino (entre os 16 e 18 anos), sendo que 8 pertenciam ao grupo de controlo, 12 pertenciam ao grupo 1 e 11 pertenciam ao grupo 2. O grupo experimental foi submetido a 10 semanas de treino de força e de resistência (alteração dos 19 minutos iniciais das aulas), sendo que o grupo 1 treinava resistência seguido de força e o grupo 2 vice-versa. Para avaliarmos os efeitos de treino nos sujeitos, estes foram submetidos a três momentos de avaliação, nos quais foram aplicados o teste de vaivém, extensões de braços, lançamentos de bolas medicinais de 1kg, 3kg e 5kg, salto vertical, salto horizontal e sprint 20m. Em termos estatísticos foram utilizadas médias e desvios-padrão, e os testes não paramétricos de Friedman, Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney. Os resultados deste estudo revelaram que apenas os grupos sujeitos ao plano de treino apresentaram melhorias significativas no seu desempenho, apresentando um nível de significância de p<0,01, sendo que o grupo de controlo não apresentou qualquer melhoria. Em termos de efeitos de treino, o grupo 1 e 2 apresentaram melhorias percentuais de desempenho significativos, sendo que o grupo de controlo não apresentou melhorias percentuais de desempenho. Com este estudo podemos concluir que independentemente da ordem de aplicação dos exercícios, 19 minutos de treino de força e resistência aplicados duas vezes por semana no início das aulas de Educação Física é suficiente para contribuir significativamente para a melhoria da condição física dos alunos.
- The effect of warm-up on sprinting kinematicsPublication . Morouço, Pedro; Gil, Maria Helena; Neiva, Henrique; Marques, MC; Sousa, António; Marinho, DanielThe purpose of this study was to verify the effects of warm-up on kinematic variables during short distance repeated sprints. Twenty-two college students randomly performed 2 x 30-m running time-trials after warm-up or with no warm-up, in different days. Performance (time-trial) and biomechanical (step length and step frequency) were assessed during both repeated trials. Performance was 0.5% faster after warm-up in the first 30-m time-trial (p = 0.03, d = 0.44), but without differences on step length and frequency. The second sprint was not different between conditions, but it was better than the first sprint in the no warm-up condition. This condition also led to higher changes between the first and second sprint. Thus, the warm-up is suggested to improve maximal running performances and maintaining kinematics more similar throughout the sprints.
- The effects of warming up strategies for sprint performance: Emerging approachesPublication . Gil, Maria Helena Gonçalves; Marinho, Daniel Almeida; Neiva, Henrique PereiraIn recent years, the benefits of warm-up in sports performance have received a special interest. New methods have been included in warm-up procedure, but few are known about the effects on running performance and biomechanical responses. Thus, the purpose of the current thesis was to analyze the effect of recent trends of warm-up tasks on sprint performance. Specifically, to verify the effects of including ballistic exercises in warm-up procedures and to analyze the impact of changing biomechanical running patterns during warm-up, conducting a performance, biomechanical, physiological and psychophysiological evaluation of sprints. For this, the following steps were performed: (i) qualitative review on warm-up and performance, focusing on the emerging methods; (ii) to verify the acute effects of a warm-up including ballistic exercises inducing a post-activation potentiation, easy to apply on a real competition context, in repeated 100m running performance; (iii) to understand the acute physiological, psychophysiological and biomechanical responses of including ballistic exercises in repeated 30m running performance; (iv) to analyze the effect of manipulating running kinematics (stride length (SL) and stride frequency (SF)) during warm-up in repeated 30m running performance. The main conclusions of the study were: (i) considering the new trends that have emerged, it can be suggested positive effects on performance after short duration stretches followed by specific muscle activation exercises, and after dynamic stretching, both depending on the duration and intensity; short-duration maximal efforts and specific to the following activity, followed by few minutes of recovery, provide beneficial neuromuscular responses and improved performance in high-intensity and short-term efforts; passive heating during the transition phase between warm-up and main exercise lead to optimization of subsequent performance; (ii) there were benefitial effects of warm-up in 30m and 100m sprinting; (iii) the 100m race is equally optimized after warm-up with or without post-activation potentiation, but with different running kinematics (iv) the positive effects of warm-up on 30m running was caused by faster initial 15m and increased SL in the last 15m of the trial; v) no additional effects on 30m were found after including ballistic exercises during warm-up; (vi) a warm-up focusing in higher SL or higher SF did not result in different 30m sprint performances and running kinematics, despite different running strategies occurred (faster initial meters after warm-ups stimulating SF and faster final meters after warm-up stimulating SL); (vii) the results highlighted the individual response to each warm-up procedure. The main findings of this work emphasize the importance of the warm-up design for short running distances and the need of individualization for optimized performances. Further studies are needed to deeply understand their effects on performance.
- Effects of Low-Moderate Load High-Velocity Resistance Training on Physical Performance of Under-20 Futsal PlayersPublication . Marques, Diogo; Travassos, Bruno; Sousa, António; Gil, Maria Helena; Ribeiro, João; Marques, MCResistance training (RT) is an effective methodology to improve physical performance of athletes. However, up to now, no studies have addressed the RT benefits in under-20 futsal players. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of six weeks of RT with high-velocity movements, low-to-moderate loads, and low volume on physical performance of under-20 futsal players. A total of 21 players were divided into two groups: A control group (CG, n = 10) and a RT group (RTG, n = 11). The RTG performed two weekly training sessions constituted by leg-press, jumps, and sprints, along with three futsal training sessions, while the CG only performed the futsal training. Before and after the intervention, the sprint time in 0⁻10 m (T10), 10⁻20 m (T10⁻20), and 0⁻20 m (T20), the countermovement jump (CMJ) height, the T-Test time, the kicking ball speed (KBS), and the maximum dynamic strength in the leg-press, were assessed. In post-test, significant improvements in CMJ, T-Test, KBS, and leg-press were found for the RTG, whilst a significant decrease in T10⁻20 was evidenced in the CG. The present results suggested that RT based on high velocity movements, low-to-moderate loads, and low volume produce positive effects on physical performance of under-20 futsal players.