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- Modeling athletic career of football players: Implications for career management and retirementPublication . Monteiro, Ricardo; Monteiro, Diogo; Torregrossa, Miquel; Travassos, BrunoThis study aimed to identify Career Indicators (CIs) over the stages of career development (Initiation/Development, Mastery, and Discontinuation stages) in the retirement stage of Portuguese football players. Three thousand five hundred retired Portuguese football players that played between 1960 and 2018 were considered in this study. A path analysis was performed to identify the standardized direct and indirect effects of the CI at each stage of career development, on Portuguese football players’ retirement age. The proposed model highlighted that the relationship between the CI number of seasons as a youth player, number of seasons as a youth player in top 3 clubs, age of first registration as a senior player, number of seasons as a senior player, number of seasons as a senior player in top 3 clubs, number of total games as a senior player, age of the last best result age achieved, number of games in the retirement season, and discontinuation stage length contribute to explain 40% of the retirement age of Portuguese football players. Results allowed the understanding of the influence of each stage of career development on career length. According to the Holistic Athletic Career Model, it was the first attempt to create a predictive model of CI of athletic variables. Further research should be developed to incorporate some mediator variables such as players’ performance levels and achievement to improve the explanation of the development of football players’ careers and retirement.
- Career Planning in Elite Soccer: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy, Career Goals, and Athletic IdentityPublication . Monteiro, Ricardo; Monteiro, Diogo; Torregrossa, Miquel; Travassos, BrunoThis study proposed a model to examine the role of self-efficacy, career goals, and athletic identity (AI) on the career planning of elite soccer players. Two hundred and eighty-one elite soccer players (males) participated in this study. Means, SD, and bivariate correlations were calculated for the variables under analysis. The hypothesized effect of self-efficacy, career goals, and AI on career planning was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results supported the adequacy of the proposed model in explaining the career planning. Career planning is positively influenced by the level of self-efficacy of players through the definition of career goals and is negatively influenced by the level of AI. At the same time, the self-efficacy of players through the definition of career goals positively influenced AI. These findings reinforce the important role of selfefficacy and career goals for the development of AI and career planning and at the same time the opposite relationship between AI and career planning. Thus, it is suggested that a balance on AI, maintaining high levels of self-efficacy and career goals, is required to improve the process of career planning and retirement.
- Profiling the athletic career of Portuguese Football Players in last 50 yearsPublication . Monteiro, Ricardo José Vaz Alves; Travassos, Bruno Filipe Rama; Torregrossa, MiquelThis work aimed to identify Key Career Indicators (KCI) that characterize the various stages of athletic development of a football player, as well as their predictive value of competitive level and retiring age. Furthermore, it sought a better understanding of the relationship between some psychological traits and career planning. To this end, three studies were carried out, which sought to: a) describe and identify the weight of the KCI on the competitive level of retirement of football players; b) relate the athletic development of the players and the retiring age of Portuguese football players; c) identify the role of selfefficacy, career goals and athletic identity on the career planning of Portuguese football players. In study 1, results showed that the KCI, age of first registration as a senior player, number of games played over the seasons and age of the last best result achieved, contribute to explain, and predict the competitive level of retirement of Portuguese football players. The results of the model proposed in study 2 highlighted that the KCI identified at the various stages of the athletic development level of a football player contribute to explain 40% of the retiring age the players under analysis. Finally, in study 3, the results revealed that, in general, career planning is positively influenced by the level of self-efficacy of the players through the definition of career goals and negatively influenced by the level of athletic identity. In conclusion, the results suggest that it is possible to monitor some key career indicators that allow a prospective description of the career development of a football player, with implications for the planning and management process. The development of self-efficacy, as well as career goals associated with a balanced management of athletic identity, decisively contribute to better career planning.
- Sucesso defensivo no futebol: Análise de tendências espácio-temporaisPublication . Monteiro, Ricardo José Vaz Alves; Duarte, Ricardo; Travassos, Bruno Filipe RamaEste trabalho teve como objetivo identificar tendências espácio-temporais entre equipas e grupos de jogadores que discriminam o sucesso defensivo / ofensivo do passe no futebol. Para tal, foram analisados 3 jogos de uma equipa da Premier League Inglesa, registando-se 91 sequências de jogo da equipa em Organização Defensiva. Essas sequências foram divididas de acordo com o sucesso defensivo obtido. Nas situações de sucesso defensivo foi ainda realizada uma divisão das sequências de jogo de acordo com o local em que a ação ocorreu: Zona Intermédia (ZI) ou Zona Defensiva (ZD). As análises foram realizadas em 2 níveis distintos: nível colectivo e nível grupal. O nível de análise coletivo focou-se nas variáveis distância entre centros geométricos, rácio comprimento das equipas e rácio largura das equipas. O nível grupal centrou-se na análise das relações espácio-temporais entre o grupo de jogadores envolvidos, através dos valores das distâncias e dos ângulos interpessoais. Os resultados revelaram a existência de sucesso defensivo, não só quando a equipa defensora conseguiu, em termos coletivos, aumentar o rácio de largura em relação à equipa atacante, mas também, quando nas relações grupais entre os jogadores mais próximos da bola conseguiram uma diminuição das distâncias em relação ao portador da bola, ou ao atacante que recebeu a bola, e entre si. Do mesmo modo, relativamente aos ângulos interpessoais, observou-se uma tendência entre sucesso defensivo e valores de ângulos superiores. Quanto ao local onde os passes ocorreram verificou-se, de um modo geral, uma diminuição nas distâncias entre jogadores, quando os passes ocorreram na ZD em relação à ZI. Os resultados sugerem que a caraterização das tendências espácio-temporais em diferentes dimensões relacionais (coletivas e grupais) permite uma maior compreensão dos comportamentos dos jogadores em campo e deste modo melhorar a intervenção do treinador no decorrer do processo de treino.