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- Relatório Final do Projeto Tempo e tecnologia: uma abordagem de género para o contexto portuguêsPublication . Schouten, Maria Johanna Christina; Araújo, Emília; Augusto, Amélia; Simões, Maria João; Sousa, Helena; Las Heras, Soledad; Lourenço, LiaEste relatório apresenta o percurso e as principais conclusões decorrentes do projeto de investigação “Tempo e tecnologia: uma abordagem de género para o contexto português”, integrado no programa PIHM (Programa para a Igualdade entre Homens e Mulheres), apoiado pela CIG (Comissão de Cidadania e Igualdade de Género) e financiado por Fundos FEDER, através do Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade – COMPETE e por Fundos Nacionais, através da FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia. (PIHM/GC/0037/2008) O objetivo geral da investigação passou por averiguar o caráter genderizado nas conceções e no uso tanto do tempo como da tecnologia, no âmbito do espaço doméstico, por parte de pessoas que vivem numa relação conjugal. A tecnologia contemplada abrange: aparelhos de apoio às lidas domésticas; tecnologia de informação e comunicação; meios de transporte. Aplicou-se uma metodologia mista (inquérito por questionário; entrevistas; grupos de fócus) nos distritos de Castelo Branco e Braga. Uma primeira conclusão aponta para a diversidade dos efeitos da existência de tecnologias domésticas para a execução e duração de tarefas domésticas e de cuidar. Uma segunda é a maior permeabilidade, provocada pela tecnologia, entre os contextos domésticos, pessoais e profissionais, o que tem consequências positivas e negativas para os atores e as atoras. Uma terceira é que as tecnologias originaram uma mudança apenas limitada na divisão generalizada do trabalho doméstico. Não é o instrumento que define o uso, mas o uso define o significado do aparelho, e o género do utilizador é de importância significativa.
- Surveillance: A (Potential) Threat to Political Participation?Publication . Simões, Maria JoãoDespite efforts of several authors, surveillance is nowadays yet sparsely understood, although surveillance has increasing impacts in our lives. The purpose of this paper is to point out, from a theoretical point of view, the threats that surveillance presents to political participation (and by consequence, to democracy) in digital societies. Current researches present the threats of surveillance to democracy focusing mainly in democracy-privacy trade-offs. Such debate, on the one hand, circumscribes the issue to a great extent to choosing the rulers and the kind of political regime, which does not allow a broader analysis of citizen participation in all spheres of public life in their daily life. On the other hand, the current debates seem put a little aside from the main issue: it is not the loss of privacy, but the loss of autonomy that challenges participation (and by consequence, democracy); although nowadays the threats to autonomy proceed mainly from the loss of privacy.
- Rear Window: transparent citizens versus political participationPublication . Simões, Maria João; Jerónimo, NunoIn this chapter, more focused on the constraints on citizens’ political participation, we intend to address the challenges – some of them already enunciated by Simões (2011) – that political participation is facing. We will consider the increasing spread and depth of ICTs and other technologies as surveillance devices, either extensively through all spheres of social activity, as well as intensively penetrating the routines of our daily lives, and provide a comprehensive analysis of the ways that surveillance can constrain political participation, or even make it impracticable, at least as we recognise it in contemporary democratic societies. Concerning the threats to democracy caused by surveillance, most current studies mainly emphasises democracy-privacy trade-offs. Our approach relies on a different assumption: that surveillance challenges our autonomy as social and political actors, and the loss of or decrease in autonomy are major threats to political participation.
- Time and Technology: a gender aproach for the Portuguese contextPublication . Schouten, Maria Johanna Christina; Simões, Maria João; Araújo, Emília; Augusto, Amélia; Sousa, HelenaThis paper addresses a project in progress, which envisages an account and understanding of the ways of employment of technology in the domestic space. According to the principal thesis adopted, gender is assumed as the structuring variable in the ways of appropriation and negotiation of spaces and times, and technology contains the distinctive orders of the masculine and feminine positions. In brief, an attempt is made to understand how perceptions and representations of technology and time are gendered, and create distinct and differentiated ways of use of space and time. In the paper, interim results are presented of the research, in particular of the survey carried out in the beginning of 2010 among couples in two regions of Portugal with different levels of development. This is preceded by an overview of some major studies about the relationship between time and technology, focusing on household equipment, its assumed and real time-saving effects for women and its repercussions on social organization within the household.
- To see and be seen, to know and be known: Perceptions and prevention strategies on Facebook surveillancePublication . Augusto, Fábio Rafael; Simões, Maria JoãoWith the increasing use of social networks, particularly Facebook, a large amount of data is made available. Such extensive and intensive disclosure of public and private matter aspects of individuals’ lives leads to theoretical and conceptual challenges. To answer some of these challenges, it is intended in this article, through the use of a qualitative methodology, to analyse the perceptions that Facebook users have of the surveillance they are subjected to, as well as the identification of prevention strategies that can be adopted. The interaction of these analysis dimensions has enabled the creation of a user typology that it is important, given the very recent nature of the object of this study, to confront and develop through new research.
- Expostos e duplamente vigiados: o caso do FacebookPublication . Simões, Maria João; Augusto, Fábio RafaelTal como acontece com a maioria dos artefactos tecnológicos, também a emergência do Facebook gerou diversas teorias, que variam entre o mais exacerbado otimismo e um tremendo ceticismo. O facto de o seu surgimento estar muito associado ao exibicionismo e ao voyeurismo, tem sido campo fértil para o desenvolvimento de ideias feitas e pré-concebidas, que dificultam o desvendar da sua complexidade. O objetivo deste artigo é esboçar uma panorâmica sobre o Facebook, que reporte para os valores, objetivos e interesses que estão na origem do seu desenvolvimento e para a vigilância social que este artefacto tecnológico veio possibilitar de um modo mais alargado, desafiando-se teses que apontam para a total novidade desta rede e para a homogeneidade dos seus usos.