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- Envolvimento, eventos críticos e governança nas Empresas Familiares: Estudo de casoPublication . Fernandes, Cristina; Nave, Edgar; Alves, Helena; Ferreira, João José de Matos; Raposo, Mario; Paço, Arminda doAs empresas familiares são cruciais para o crescimento económico e desenvolvimento em todo o mundo. Estas empresas apresentam certas especificidades em termos da sua visão, intenções e comportamentos que envolvem profundamente os membros da família. No âmbito do projeto SPRING (Succession Planning and Regeneration in Family Businesses for New Growth through an innovative training program), este artigo pretende apresentar o estudo de caso da empresa Ropre com vista a ilustrar, através de várias entrevistas levadas a cabo a membros da família, o envolvimento e motivação em relação ao negócio da família ao longo do tempo, os eventos críticos que afetaram o negócio familiar, e os mecanismos de governança familiar. Os resultados apontam para visões algo opostas entre os membros da família e os membros externos, sendo esta uma possível fonte de conflitos de interesse na empresa, no futuro. Apesar destas dificuldades, a visão de longo prazo do mercado, a internacionalização, a capacidade de adaptação, e a abertura à mudança estratégica, foram determinantes para o sucesso e longevidade do negócio familiar. Este é um bom exemplo de uma empresa familiar no que respeita à capacidade de inovar e de se internacionalizar; para além disso, o envolvimento dos membros da família na empresa, a sua dedicação, resiliência e capacidade de adaptação a novas realidades é notório. No entanto, o problema da sucessão ainda precisa de ser discutido e amadurecido pela família.
- Cross-border cooperation to strengthen innovation and knowledge transfer: An Iberian casePublication . Nave, Edgar; Franco, MárioThis study seeks to find out the main achievements of a cross-border cooperation project (INESPO III) in terms of innovation and university-firm knowledge transfer in a region situated in the central region of Portugal and Castile and León, Spain. To achieve this aim, research of a qualitative and exploratory nature was chosen., that is, case study method. Data collection was based on seven interviews with several project actors, and content analysis was also used. Through interviews with project beneficiaries, empirical evidence suggests that this type of cooperation allows access to new sources of external knowledge, with the network benefiting globally from each partner’s type of specialization. This study makes an important contribution to the literature on cross-border cooperation by extending its field of research to knowledge transfer and innovation, analysing a project that has produced good results. It can be determinant for government institutions responsible for administering cross-border incentive systems, and for partner networks in drawing process of similar projects for benefit of their own regions, besides the clear academic interest in business cooperation networks. Final results and main contributions of the project are also presented.
- A review of succession strategies in family business: content analysis and future research directionsPublication . Nave, Edgar; Ferreira, João José de Matos; Fernandes, Cristina; Paço, Arminda; Alves, Helena; Raposo, MarioFamily firms (FF) represent an important business segment worldwide, contributing greatly to their country’s GDP and social well-being, giving employment and contributing to communities’ development. Due to their particularities, these organizations also face various challenges, one of the most relevant being inter-generational succession – transversal to all FF and their consequent sustainability over time. Given the importance of this issue, through a systematic literature review (SLR), the intention is to provide a general, wide-ranging view of the succession strategies most used by FF, mapping the existing literature. A total of 84 articles from the Scopus database were analysed. Through content analysis and bibliographic coupling techniques (VosViewer), four thematic groups of articles were identified, namely: (i) socio-emotional wealth and corporate governance, (ii) leadership and inter-generational conflicts, (iii) managing succession process and (iv) succession planning drivers. These themes/clusters originated a theoretical framework that depicts the investigation status of the field, and detailed suggestions for future investigations by cluster were also provided. Despite the relevance and long age of succession in FF, this is the first SLR to directly address succession strategies, offering implications for academics and practitioners, to guide a smooth succession.
- Craft beer–a systematic literature review and research agendaPublication . Nave, Edgar; Duarte, Paulo; Rodrigues, Ricardo Gouveia; Paço, Arminda; Alves, Helena; Oliveira, TiagoIn recent years, the craft beer (CB) industry has gained impetus and has experienced significant growth in scientific publications. This study aims to present a systematic review of the literature on CB in areas related to economic and business sciences. Based on the data from Scopus, Web of Science and a set of articles not indexed to these databases until June 2021, a total of 132 articles were included for analysis, using bibliometric and content analysis techniques. The study allowed us to identify that CB has four main clusters/themes of research, namely, CB industry and market, marketing and branding, consumer behavior and sustainability. Detailed information on the clusters is provided. In addition, the results showed that publications addressing CB have grown significantly from 2015 onwards and are dispersed across many journals, with none assuming a clear leadership. Quantitative approaches account for more than half of publications. This study is a useful guide for academics intending to develop studies with CB. It provides a framework to structure future research by identifying existing literature clusters and proposes several research propositions. The findings from this study are useful for CB companies to get an overview of the main issues affecting the CB industry and market to be able to adapt their strategies and stay aligned with market tendencies in the four main clusters identified. This is the first systematic review of CB. Therefore, it provides a significant contribution to frame and strengthening the literature on CB and serves as a reference for future research. Based on the content analysis and cluster identification, the findings portray the status of current research. Accordingly, a set of research opportunities are offered.
- International Entrepreneurship: Institutional Context, Drivers, Networks and CapabilitiesPublication . Nave, Edgar Fernando Pais; Ferreira, João José de MatosThe phenomenon of international entrepreneurship (IE) gained prominence in the mid-1990s, greatly stimulated by globalization, digitization of the economy and the creation of institutional conditions favouring entrepreneurs. When combined and allied to various intangible assets developed by firms, these factors stimulated the identification and exploitation of business opportunities on a global scale, giving rise to the academic field of IE. Despite the apparent maturity of this field of study, only in the last decade has the academic community increased the number of publications, diversifying them, introducing new sub-topics and making it a field that should be studied and addressed from various lenses. Therefore, this thesis aims to explore various facets of IE, contributing to its consolidation and progress, approaching the topic from a multi-level perspective: macro, meso and micro. This is done over seven chapters. The first chapter is the general introduction of the thesis, describing the problem and the study context, the aims, the research design and methodology, the contribution and other aspects. The second chapter presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), entitled “International Entrepreneurship: a systematic review and future research agenda”. This chapter discusses the state-of-the-art of IE, reviewing the main studies that contributed to developing the area. To do so, the Web of Science (WoS) and content analysis techniques were used to give a holistic perspective of this field of study and identify new topics introduced in recent years and lines of convergence. IE was found to be concentrated fundamentally in four thematic groups: i) institutional environments, ii) drivers and process of internationalization, iii) international business opportunities and networks, and iv) entrepreneurs’ characteristics and motivations. An integrative framework was also developed to access, albeit in a simplified way, the status of IE research and understand how the diverse themes are inter-related. This SLR was determinant in advancing various topics for future lines of research, detailed by the thematic group, providing the structure of the chapters in this thesis. Therefore, the topics of the chapters forming the thesis were based on a future line of research for each of the four thematic groups/clusters detailed below. The third chapter, “Business environment reforms’ effect on the entrepreneurial activities of high-income economies: panel of the evidence” (cluster 1) deals with the activities. Specifically, the intention is to examine whether the reforms carried out by institutions in high-income economies, aiming to benefit the business environment, in fact led to higher rates of entrepreneurship. To this end, a longitudinal study was carried out using panel data for the period from 2010 to 2019, based on two secondary databases, namely ten indicators proposed by Doing Business (World Bank) and Total Early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA), by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). The results showed that only the reforms carried out in three indicators of Doing Business – Dealing with Construction, Registering Property and Enforcing Contracts, affect TEA positively. The remaining indicators, Starting a Business, Getting Credit, Protecting Minority Investors and Paying Taxes, showed no significance, while the indicators of Getting Electricity, Trading Across Borders and Resolving Insolvency had a negative impact on TEA. This study points out important considerations for international and local entrepreneurs, as well as policy-makers, warning of the ineffectiveness of some measures introduced and the need to reconsider reforms. The fourth and fifth chapters focus on organisational (meso) dimensions considered relevant to develop intangible, strategic assets, giving Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) early access to international markets, but also aiming for good levels of competitiveness and performance. The fourth chapter is entitled “International Entrepreneurial Culture: capturing differences between Born and non-Born Globals” (cluster 2). This chapter addresses International Entrepreneurial Culture (IEC), still a little-explored topic in terms of research. In particular, it seeks to capture differences in five dimensions of IEC (International Entrepreneurial Orientation [IEO], International Market Orientation, International Motivation, International Learning Orientation, International Networking Orientation) between born globals and non-born globals (late exporters). Primary data were collected from applying a questionnaire to 168 internationalized SMEs in Portugal, using MANOVA as the statistical technique to determine whether these groups present statistically significant differences in the dimensions of IEC. As results, this chapter revealed that born globals show differences from their non-BG counterparts in terms of autonomy, international motivation and orientation to the international market. Theoretical and practical implications are also presented for company managers aiming for early internationalization. The fifth chapter is entitled “The role of International Entrepreneurial Orientation for Early Internationalizing Firms: Moderating effects of International Networking” (cluster 3). This chapter sought to analyse the moderating effect of International Networking Orientation (INO) on the relations between the dimensions of IEO (risk, innovation, pro-activeness, competitive aggressiveness and autonomy) and early internationalization. To this end, a questionnaire was applied to a sample of 171 Portuguese SMEs, of which 96 are Early-internationalizing Firms (EIFs), and 76 are late exporters. The results showed that innovation, autonomy and competitive aggressiveness are variables at the origin of early internationalization. In addition, INO with competitors was found to present a positive interaction in the relation between pro-activeness and EIFs and a negative relation between these firms and risk-assumption. These results can help firms to configure their intangible assets in early internationalization processes. The sixth chapter deals with IE at a micro level, analysing the role of entrepreneurs and managers’ knowledge and dynamic capacities in International Business (IB), regarding the possible returns arising from international experience. It is entitled: “Knowledge and capabilities: what are their roles in SMEs’ international business?” (cluster 4). This study adopted a qualitative approach through ten semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs in various industries. The results showed that knowledge and dynamic capabilities are determinants for the development of international activities. Furthermore, a presence in international markets was determinant for acquiring new knowledge and exploiting the new learning capabilities developed, which are essential to operate in domestic and other international markets. The thesis has one final chapter, which discusses the general conclusions, contributions and future lines of research. As contributions, the thesis combines a set of studies highlighting that IE, although a complex phenomenon, is increasingly present for SMEs with limited resources. It is suggested that these firms should develop and implement, at the organisational and individual level, a set of intangible strategic assets as a way to reach international markets at an early stage and quickly, aligning them with various typologies of knowledge and dynamic capabilities. Entrepreneurs are also informed that the conditions for successful international ventures depend on a favourable business environment provided by government institutions, marked by regular and effective reforms. To summarise, this thesis advances the perspective that IE is stimulated when organisations’ internal and external factors interact and complement each other, providing various orientations for policymakers, organisations, entrepreneurs and academics.
- Economic development levels and ease of doing business: is there a relationship?Publication . Nave, Edgar; Rodrigues, Ricardo GouveiaEntrepreneurship is a phenomenon strongly associated with economic growth, development and employability, leading countries to compete and often produce reforms to ensure good levels of entrepreneurship. In this sequence, this study aims to know which types of economies present favourable institutional environments for entrepreneurs, exploring the link between the ease of doing business and the three levels of economic development (innovation-driven, efficiency-driven and factor-driven) of 137 economies. A quantitative methodology through an analysis of variances was adopted, gathering data from the ten pillars proposed by the World Bank in the Doing Business 2019 – training for reforms report, and economic development levels, provided by Global Competitiveness Report (2017–2018). In the light of institutional theory, the results showed that innovation-driven economies are more competitive, presenting more robust institutional environments for entrepreneurs than factor-driven and efficiency-driven. There is only one exception in the Getting Credit pillar. This study clarifies some assumptions in the previous literature that developed economies have better business environments, being the first one to establish this relationship directly. Some practical implications, especially for international entrepreneurs in the decision-making phase on which type of economies to carry out their investments and policymakers and researchers, were provided in this study.
- Knowledge and capabilities: what are their roles in international business of SMEs?Publication . Nave, Edgar; Ferreira, João José de MatosEngaging in international business (IB) is a particular challenge to small and medium-sized companies (SMEs), representing a condition to ensure growth and longevity. Due to their limitations of tangible resources, these companies make use of their levels of knowledge and capabilities to reach new markets. This study seeks to ascertain the role, the typologies of the knowledge and capabilities required for access to IB, and how benefits may arise for SMEs from their international experience. To achieve these objectives, the authors ground the insights on a qualitative study that gathered data from ten semi-structured interviews with leading entrepreneurs engaged in IB. The data were analysed resorting to the QSR Nvivo software. The results demonstrate how (1) knowledge and the development of dynamic capabilities all represent determinant facets to engaging in IB and that (2) the knowledge and learning capabilities acquired and developed in IB context also result in positive returns in domestic markets. Despite the rising of IB studies, the interaction between knowledge and capabilities from the perspective of accessing international markets has not received attention enough from scholars. The authors argue that both constructs must act together to reach and maximize the IB of SMEs and provide evidence that engagement abroad brings several other advantages beyond economic returns
- Impacto dos programas de Educação para o Empreendedorismo no aumento da intenção empreendedoraPublication . Raposo, Mário; Madeira, Maria Jose; Nave, EdgarDespite several publications over the last years about Entrepreneurship, there is a lack of evidences showing that Entrepreneurial Education (EE) could influence the predisposition to start-up, or at least increase the entrepreneurial intentions (EI). This paper aims to study the main effects of a typical Entrepreneurship Education (EE) program - specially design for Technology-Based Firms of center region of Portugal and Castilla y León in Spain, on EI. The results find in the empirical study that the program have raised the EI of the participants and has proved to be very effective to perceive the risks to venture creation and how to evaluate business ideas. Additionally, enable to instill entrepreneurial mindsets, to gain skills to firm creation and the students empowered their networking and learned to make business plans.
- Succession planning and strategies in Family Business: a multiple case studyPublication . Paço, Arminda; Fernandes, Cristina; Nave, Edgar; Alves, Helena; Ferreira, João José de Matos; Raposo, MárioFamily businesses represent a significant percentage of GDP and employability in developed economies, and their continuity and transition to a new generation is a crucial challenge. This study aims to analyse the nature of succession processes in small and medium-sized family business, exploring critical skills and succession strategies. A qualitative methodology was adopted through the formation of a focus group with eight senior and junior members of family business from different sectors of activity. The results show that family businesses have characteristics that distinguish them from other companies, presenting experiences and obstacles that can put its continuity in cause, particularly the succession. Furthermore, these businesses generally adopt a long-term perspective, with family-centred decision-making and greater stability while the founder is the leader. This research contributes to extending knowledge about family business, especially the problems arising and experienced in succession processes from the first to the second generation.
- Marketing de lugares: avaliação e impacto da imagem da cidade da CovilhãPublication . Nave, Edgar Fernando Pais; Rodrigues, Ricardo José de Ascensão GouveiaO lugar deve ser percepcionado pelos seus públicos-alvos como se de um produto se trata-se, emitindo imagens de marca para o exterior que condicionam o seu sucesso. Deste modo, o Marketing de Lugares deve ser utilizado e percebido por parte dos governos locais, como uma ferramenta que desempenha um papel fundamental para o desenvolvimento económico, social, político e sustentável dos países, regiões ou cidades, para que esses lugares possam ser comercializados de forma tão eficiente, como as empresas que comercializam produtos e serviços. O objectivo é conceber um local para satisfazer as necessidades dos diferentes públicos-alvos, que fazem com que um lugar se torne atraente, no qual se tem condições para viver, trabalhar, investir, fazer negócios e fazer uma visita na condição de turista. Torna-se assim essencial realizar intensivas campanhas de divulgação, procurando sustentar a imagem do lugar. A venda da cidade/país passa a integrar o planeamento do local, devendo apresentar uma imagem verdadeira de modo a conquistar os seus públicos-alvos, que passam por: turistas e visitantes, residentes e trabalhadores, negócios e indústrias e mercados de exportação de turismo urbano. A cidade da Covilhã, que recentemente apostou numa estratégia de Place Marketing, procura obter o devido retorno, agradando e atraindo os respectivos públicos-alvos para o seu território, emitindo uma imagem sólida e um estado de satisfação reconhecido.